All questions of Chemical Coordination and Integration for NEET Exam

Thyroid gland

The correct answer is oxytocin because oxytocin stimulates contraction of the myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli which already holds milk . the increased pressure causes milk to flow through the duct system and be released through the nipple .

Corpus luteum secretes Progesterone (pregnancy hormone) ..option D

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is a 28 amino acid polypeptide hormone secreted mainly by the heart atria in response to atrial stretch. ANF acts on the kidney to increase sodium excretion and GFR, to antagonize renal vasoconstriction, and to inhibit renin secretion.

Read ncert class 11 humen physiology ,hormone chapter..

Option c is correct becose i will eliminate one by one option interstial cells (leading cells) produce androgens, adrenal cortex produce corticodis (glucocorticoids, minaralo corticodis), posterior part of thyroid gland is contains parathyroid glad it realese parathyroid hormone (hyper calcimic hormone),adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary, pars distalise) relese gondotrophic harmones (both FSH, LH).

Frnd,
actually the correct answer might be LH
bcuz lh acts on leydig cells which enhance the production of androgens and controls spermatogenesis

Hormones that work against the action of insulin, raising blood glucose levels in response to hypoglycemia (low blood sugar). The main counterregulatory hormones are glucagon, epinephrine (also known as adrenaline), cortisol, and growth hormone.

Anterior lobe of pituitary gland. Option d is correct

Neurohypophysis secretes vasopressin&oxytocin vasopressin is for antidiuretic & oxytocin constrict smooth muscles to give pressure to milk to pass through mammary gland

Erythropoietin (EPO) is a hormone produced by the kidney that promotes the formation of red blood cells by the bone marrow. The kidney cells that make erythropoietin are sensitive to low oxygen levels in the blood that travels through the kidney.

The pituitary gland is a small gland that sits in the sella turcica (‘Turkish saddle’), a bony hollow in the base of the skull, underneath the brain and behind the bridge of the nose. The pituitary gland has two main parts, the anterior pituitary gland and the posterior pituitary gland. The gland is attached to a part of the brain (the hypothalamus) that controls its activity. The anterior pituitary gland is connected to the brain by short blood vessels. The posterior pituitary gland is actually part of the brain and it secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream under the command of the brain. 

Option d is correct becose we will eliminate one by one 1st option simple goiter is caused by low secretion of thyroid hormone (hypo thyroidism) or low iodine levels in dite. 2nd option exothermic goiteris caused by high section of thyroid hormone (hyper thyroidism) ,3rd options sporadic goiter due to bigining of enlarge ment of thyroid gland. soo option d is correct.

Thyroxine hormone increases BMR of body ...so option C

Option B is correct becose over secretion of growth harmone (somatotripin) is causes acromagale due to this deasese gorilla like appearance occurs.due to low secretion of growth harmone causes gigantism also called as pituitary dwarf.

Pituitary gland. Located at the base of the brain, the pituitary gland is protected by a bony structure called the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone.

The term hypophysis (from the Greek for “lying under”)—another name for the pituitary—refers to the gland's position on the underside of the brain.

Sertoli cells are the cells that line the seminiferous tubules in the testis. These cells protect the spermatids and convey nutrients to both the developing and mature spermatozoa. Sertoli cells are regulated by FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)which is secreted by the anterior pituitary. FSH stimulates Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein and inhibin and together with testosterone, promotes the proliferation of Sertoli cells. So, the correct answer is option 'D'.

The thyroid, or thyroid gland, is an endocrine gland in the neck consisting of two connected lobes. The lower two thirds of the lobes are connected by a thin band of tissue called the thyroid isthmus. The thyroid is located at the front of the neck, below the Adam's apple. Microscopically, the functional unit of the thyroid gland is the spherical thyroid follicle, lined with follicular cells (thyrocytes), and occasional parafollicular cells that surround a lumen containing colloid. The thyroid gland secretes three hormones: the two thyroid hormones – triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) – and a peptide hormone, calcitonin. The thyroid hormones influence the metabolic rate and protein synthesis, and in children, growth and development. Calcitonin plays a role in calcium homeostasis.[1] Secretion of the two thyroid hormones is regulated by thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), which is secreted from the anterior pituitary gland. TSH is regulated by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), which is produced by the hypothalamus.[2]

**I.C.S.H. in Male Acts on Cells of Leydig**

ICSH (interstitial cell-stimulating hormone), also known as LH (luteinizing hormone), is a hormone produced and released by the anterior pituitary gland. In males, ICSH/LH primarily acts on the cells of Leydig in the testes.

**1. Functions of ICSH/LH in Males:**
ICSH/LH plays a crucial role in the regulation of male reproductive functions. Its main functions include:

1. **Stimulation of Testosterone Production:** The primary function of ICSH/LH in males is to stimulate the Leydig cells to produce and release testosterone. Leydig cells are located in the interstitial spaces of the testes and are responsible for the synthesis and secretion of testosterone.

2. **Maintenance of Testosterone Levels:** ICSH/LH maintains the optimal levels of testosterone in the blood. Testosterone is an essential hormone involved in various physiological processes, including the development and maintenance of male reproductive organs, secondary sexual characteristics, and spermatogenesis.

3. **Stimulation of Sperm Production:** Testosterone, under the influence of ICSH/LH, promotes the process of spermatogenesis, which is the production of sperm. It acts on the Sertoli cells, which are located within the seminiferous tubules of the testes and support the development and maturation of sperm cells.

**2. Target Cells of ICSH/LH in Males:**
ICSH/LH primarily acts on the cells of Leydig in the testes. These target cells include:

**a) Cells of Leydig:** ICSH/LH binds to specific receptors on the surface of Leydig cells, triggering a series of biochemical reactions within the cells. This leads to the production and release of testosterone into the bloodstream. Testosterone then acts on various target tissues and cells throughout the body, exerting its effects.

**b) Sertoli Cells:** Although ICSH/LH does not directly act on Sertoli cells, it indirectly influences their function. Testosterone, which is stimulated by ICSH/LH, acts on Sertoli cells to support the development and maturation of sperm cells during spermatogenesis.

**c) Spermatids:** Spermatids are the immature sperm cells formed during the process of spermatogenesis. ICSH/LH indirectly influences the development of spermatids by stimulating testosterone production, which acts on Sertoli cells to support their maturation into fully functional sperm cells.

**d) Spermatogonia:** Spermatogonia are the germ cells in the testes that undergo mitosis to produce more spermatogonia or differentiate into spermatocytes, which further develop into spermatids. ICSH/LH indirectly influences spermatogonia by promoting spermatogenesis and the development of mature sperm cells.

In summary, ICSH/LH acts primarily on the cells of Leydig in the testes, stimulating the production and release of testosterone. Testosterone, in turn, influences Sertoli cells, spermatids, and spermatogonia, supporting the process of spermatogenesis and the development of mature sperm cells.

Hypothalamus

Thymosin is the hormone of the thymus, and it stimulates the development of disease-fighting T lymphocytes.
Throughout your childhood years, white blood cells called lymphocytes pass through the thymus, where they are transformed into T cells ( lymphocytes).

----€ LH (luteinising hormone) is released by anterior lobe of pituitary gland. It causes ovulation, secretion of estrogen from mature ovarian follicle and progesterone from corpus luteum.

•FSH stimulates sperm formation in the male and growth of ovarian follicles in the female.

•Progesterone suspends ovulation during pregnancy, fixes the foetus to the uterine wall, forms placenta and controls the development of the foetus in the uterus.

•Estradiol is the major estrogen in humans.

Insulin and glucagon work together to balance your blood sugar levels, keeping them in the narrow range that your body requires. So insulin leads blood sugar cell.

Because ADS prevent loss of water .
ADS=anti diutric substance.

The gonadotropins, a family of closely related glycoprotein hormones, include follicle stimulating-hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) which are produced by the same pituitary cells, the gonadotrophs and chorionic gonadotropin (CG) which is of placental origin.