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All questions of The Mauryan Empire for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

Which one of the following was the actual cause of the Kalinga war?
  • a)
    Ashoka wanted to control both the land and sea routes to south India, and any hostile power obstructing the route would have had to be conquered.
  • b)
    Kalinga had grown very powerful during the reign of Bindusara and was posing a danger to the Mauryan empire.
  • c)
    The Nagas, the sea-faring people of Kalinga, were indulged in piracy and obstructing the foreign trade.
  • d)
    Kalinga was a thorn in the body-politik of the empire.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Dipika Joshi answered
The actual cause of the Kalinga war was that Ashoka wanted to control both the land and sea routes to south India, and any hostile power obstructing the route would have had to be conquered. This can be explained under the following headings:

Background:
During the reign of Ashoka's father Bindusara, Kalinga had grown powerful and was posing a potential danger to the Mauryan empire. Ashoka, who was initially a ruthless and ambitious ruler, saw Kalinga as a thorn in the body-politik of the empire and decided to conquer it.

Ashoka's Ambition:
Ashoka wanted to control both the land and sea routes to south India as it was a significant trade route. Kalinga, being a coastal region, had control over the sea route to south India. Therefore, any hostile power obstructing the route had to be conquered, and Ashoka saw Kalinga as a threat to his ambition.

The War:
In 261 BCE, Ashoka attacked Kalinga with a massive army, which resulted in a bloody war that lasted for two years. The war was one of the bloodiest in ancient Indian history, resulting in the death of over a hundred thousand people and the enslavement of many more.

Aftermath:
The war had a profound impact on Ashoka, who was deeply affected by the human suffering he witnessed. He renounced violence and embraced Buddhism, becoming a pacifist and a patron of the religion. He also implemented policies of non-violence and religious tolerance throughout his empire.

In conclusion, the actual cause of the Kalinga war was Ashoka's ambition to control the trade routes to south India, and Kalinga's obstruction of the sea route was seen as a threat to his ambition. The war had a profound impact on Ashoka and led to his transformation as a ruler.

Which of the following areas were conquered by Chandragupta Maurya?
I. Ganges Valley
II. North-Western India
III. Central India upto Narmada
IV. Deccan V. Kalinga
  • a)
    I, II, III
  • b)
    II, III, IV
  • c)
    III, IV,
  • d)
    I, IV
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Muskaan Dey answered
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire, which was one of the largest empires in ancient India. He conquered several regions and expanded his empire to a vast extent. The areas conquered by Chandragupta Maurya are discussed below.

I. Ganges Valley:
Chandragupta Maurya conquered the Ganges Valley region, which was one of the most fertile and prosperous areas in ancient India. The Ganges Valley region comprised of modern-day Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.

II. North-Western India:
Chandragupta Maurya also conquered the North-Western region of India, which included modern-day Punjab, Haryana, and parts of Pakistan. This region was strategically important as it was the gateway to Central Asia and Afghanistan.

III. Central India upto Narmada:
Chandragupta Maurya extended his empire to Central India, up to the Narmada River. This region included modern-day Madhya Pradesh and parts of Maharashtra.

IV. Deccan:
Chandragupta Maurya also conquered the Deccan region, which included modern-day Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. This region was rich in minerals and was an important source of revenue for the Maurya Empire.

V. Kalinga:
Chandragupta Maurya also conquered the Kalinga region, which included modern-day Odisha. This region was known for its maritime trade and was an important source of revenue for the Maurya Empire.

In conclusion, Chandragupta Maurya conquered a vast empire that extended from the Ganges Valley in the North to the Deccan in the South and from North-Western India to Central India. The Maurya Empire was a significant political and economic power in ancient India and played a crucial role in shaping the country's history.

Which one of the following Mauryan provinces had a foreign Governor?
  • a)
    Tosali
  • b)
    Saurashtra
  • c)
    Ujjain
  • d)
    Taxila
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ræjû Bhæï answered
Saurashtra, and some part of it also known as Sorath or Kathiawar, is a peninsular region of Gujarat, India, located on the Arabian Sea coast. It covers about a third of Gujarat state, notably 11 districts of Gujarat, including Rajkot District.

Which Ceylonese king, a contemporary of Ashoka, modelled himself on the latter?
  • a)
    Upali
  • b)
    Tissa
  • c)
    Meghavarman
  • d)
    Shailendra
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

King Tissa of Ceylon was a contemporary of Ashoka, the Mauryan Emperor of India. He modelled himself on Ashoka and his policies of non-violence and religious tolerance.

Historical Background:
- Tissa was the third king of the Anuradhapura Kingdom in Ceylon.
- He ruled from 307 BC to 267 BC, during the same period as Ashoka's reign in India.
- At that time, Ceylon was divided into several small kingdoms, and Anuradhapura was one of them.

King Tissa's Policies:
- Tissa was inspired by Ashoka's conversion to Buddhism and his policy of non-violence.
- He embraced Buddhism and made it the state religion of Ceylon.
- He built several Buddhist temples and monasteries, including the famous Mahavihara monastery.
- Tissa also encouraged the spread of Buddhism to other countries, including Burma and Thailand.
- He fostered religious tolerance and allowed other religions to coexist with Buddhism.

Comparison with Ashoka:
- Tissa's policies were similar to Ashoka's policies of non-violence, religious tolerance, and support for Buddhism.
- Both kings were contemporaries and communicated with each other through emissaries.
- However, Tissa's influence was limited to Ceylon, while Ashoka's influence extended to most of the Indian subcontinent.

Conclusion:
- King Tissa of Ceylon modelled himself on Ashoka and his policies of non-violence, religious tolerance, and support for Buddhism.
- Tissa's reign was a period of peace and prosperity in Ceylon, and his policies had a lasting impact on the country's culture and religion.

Which one of the following items of revenue was paid in cash during Mauryan period?
  • a)
    Bhaga (Land tax)
  • b)
    Bali (Extra impost on special tracts)
  • c)
    Kara (A special harsh tax)
  • d)
    Hiranya (Tax on special classes crops)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Maya Joshi answered
Revenue System of the Mauryan Period

During the Mauryan period, the revenue system played a crucial role in the economic administration of the empire. The Mauryan rulers implemented various forms of revenue collection to meet the financial requirements of the state. Among these revenue items, the tax on special classes of crops, known as "Hiranya," was paid in cash.

Explanation:
The Mauryan Empire, under the reign of Emperor Chandragupta Maurya, had a well-organized revenue system. The revenue was collected through various sources, including land taxes, extra imposts, and special taxes. Let's take a closer look at each of these revenue items:

1. Bhaga (Land Tax):
- Bhaga was a form of land tax levied on agricultural produce.
- It was collected from the cultivators in the form of a share of the total produce.
- The share collected varied from one-fourth to one-sixth of the total produce.

2. Bali (Extra Impost on Special Tracts):
- Bali was an additional tax imposed on specific tracts of land.
- These tracts were considered more fertile or productive than others.
- The extra impost was levied to exploit the potential of these tracts and generate additional revenue for the state.

3. Kara (Special Harsh Tax):
- Kara was a special tax imposed on goods and commodities.
- It was collected from traders and merchants who engaged in commercial activities.
- The tax rate was usually high, and it was considered a harsh form of revenue collection.

4. Hiranya (Tax on Special Classes of Crops):
- Hiranya was a tax levied on specific classes of crops.
- Unlike the other revenue items mentioned above, Hiranya was paid in cash.
- The tax was collected directly from the cultivators, who had to pay a fixed amount of money as per the prescribed rates.

Conclusion:
Among the various revenue items of the Mauryan period, the tax on special classes of crops, known as "Hiranya," was paid in cash. This form of revenue collection helped the Mauryan Empire meet its financial requirements and maintain a stable economy.

The lowest order in the social scale of Mauryan society was not a slave but the outcaste. Which one of the following statements about the outcastes is not correct?
  • a)
    Their caste names referred directly to their profession or work.
  • b)
    They lived together with their families outside the towns.
  • c)
    They accepted the position of social ostracism.
  • d)
    They were banded into guilds.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

The statement that is not correct is option D, which states that outcastes were banded into guilds.
Guilds were organizations of skilled artisans or merchants who worked together to protect their economic interests, set standards for their trade, and provide mutual support. Outcastes, on the other hand, were considered outside the traditional caste system and were often engaged in menial or degrading occupations. They did not have access to guilds or other similar organizations, and their social status was often lower than that of slaves.
Outcastes were often referred to by names that reflected their lowly status, such as Chandalas or Panchamas. They were generally excluded from mainstream society and forced to live in segregated areas outside towns and villages. They were also subject to a range of social and legal disabilities, including restrictions on their movements and occupation, and were often treated as untouchables by higher castes.
Overall, while outcastes may have been organized in some informal ways, they did not have access to the kinds of formal organizations that characterized other social groups in ancient India, such as guilds or caste associations.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mauryan administrative system was characterized by a vast bureaucracy with significant disparities in payment among officers.
  2. The appointment of 27 superintendents to regulate economic activities marks the beginning of state control over the economy in ancient India.
  3. Spies played a crucial role in the Mauryan era, especially in financial matters and intelligence gathering.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

  • The Mauryan Empire had an extensive bureaucratic system, with a wide range of payments for officers at different levels, indicating a highly structured administrative machinery.
  • The establishment of superintendents to oversee various economic sectors was a novel approach to managing the economy.
  • The use of spies for surveillance and financial intelligence underlines the sophisticated governance strategies employed by the Mauryan rulers.

Consider the following statements:
  • Statement I: The Mauryan Empire's economy was significantly advanced by the appointment of 27 superintendents to regulate various sectors, including agriculture, trade, and mining.
  • Statement II: The economic regulations under the Maurya administration hindered the growth of private enterprise and led to the empire's economic stagnation.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

  • The establishment of superintendents to oversee critical economic sectors was indeed a forward-thinking approach by the Mauryan government to regulate and stimulate economic activities across the empire.
  • There is no substantial evidence suggesting that these regulations stifled private enterprise or directly led to economic stagnation. Instead, such measures likely contributed to the overall economic management and stability of the empire. The decline of the Mauryan Empire is attributed to a complex interplay of factors, where economic policy as described may not have been a direct cause.

Which of the following is incorrect?
  • a)
    One of the six boards of Pataliputra looked after the entertainment of foreigners.
  • b)
    One of the six boards of Pataliputra supervised trade and commerce.
  • c)
    One of the six boards of Pataliputra collected the tenths of the prices of the articles sold.
  • d)
    One of the six boards of Pataliputra was incharge of the defence of the town.
Correct answer is option `C`. Can you explain this answer?

Varun Kapoor answered
The incorrect statement is:
c) One of the six boards of Pataliputra collected the tenths of the prices of the articles sold.
There were six boards or committees in Pataliputra, the capital city of the Mauryan Empire, which were responsible for different administrative functions. These boards were known as the Adhyakshas or Superintendents, and they were appointed by the king.
The six boards of Pataliputra were:
a) The Board of Revenue: It was responsible for the collection of taxes and revenue from the empire.
b) The Board of Accounts: It maintained accounts and records of revenue and expenditure of the empire.
c) The Board of Weights and Measures: It standardized weights and measures and ensured that they were used accurately in trade and commerce.
d) The Board of Royal Household: It looked after the affairs of the royal household, such as the maintenance of the king's palaces and gardens.
e) The Board of General Welfare: It was responsible for the welfare of the people, such as the construction of roads, bridges, and public buildings.
f) The Board of War: It was responsible for the defence of the empire and the maintenance of the army.
Therefore, option c) is incorrect as there was no such board that collected the tenths of the prices of the articles sold.

Which one of the following would be the most accurate description of the Maurya monarchy under Ashoka?
  • a)
    Enlightened despotism
  • b)
    Paternal despotism
  • c)
    Guided democracy
  • d)
    Centralized autocracy
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Kaavya Gupta answered
The Maurya monarchy under Ashoka can be described as paternal despotism. This form of government is characterized by a ruler who exercises absolute power and authority over his subjects, but does so in a benevolent and paternalistic manner.

Paternal Despotism:

- Paternal despotism is a type of authoritarian government where the ruler has complete control over the lives of his subjects.
- However, the ruler is also seen as a father figure who takes care of his people and provides for their needs.
- This form of government is often associated with traditional societies where the ruler is seen as the ultimate authority and provider for his people.

Ashoka's Rule:

- Ashoka was a Mauryan emperor who ruled from 268 to 232 BCE. He was known for his conquest of Kalinga and his subsequent conversion to Buddhism.
- Under his rule, the Maurya monarchy became more centralized and bureaucratic.
- Ashoka implemented a number of policies that were designed to improve the lives of his subjects, such as building hospitals and irrigation systems, and promoting religious tolerance.
- He also instituted a system of moral and ethical principles that were based on Buddhist teachings.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the Maurya monarchy under Ashoka was characterized by paternal despotism. While he exercised absolute power over his subjects, he also saw himself as a father figure who was responsible for their welfare. Ashoka's policies were aimed at improving the lives of his people and promoting moral and ethical values.

Which statement of Megasthenes is non-controversial?
  • a)
    There were seven castes in India.
  • b)
    There were no slaves in India.
  • c)
    Indians were monogamous.
  • d)
    There were no famines in India.
  • e)
    Indians neither lent out money at interest nor knew how to borrow it.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Megha Kumar answered
The correct option is C.
Humans are a diverse lot, but before Western imperialism, 83 percent of indigenous societies were polygynous, 16 percent monogamous, and 1 percent polyandrous (where women have multiple husbands).

Consider the following statements regarding Asoka's achievements and policies:
1. Asoka promoted a policy of peace and non-aggression, which was an unprecedented stance for his time.
2. Asoka's peaceful approach endured long after his reign, influencing neighboring states and preventing incursions.
3. Asoka's reign was marked by the promotion of a single dharma, language (Sanskrit), and script (Brahmi) through inscriptions.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Asoka's Achievements and Policies
Asoka, the third Mauryan emperor, is renowned for his transformative contributions to ancient India. Let's evaluate the statements regarding his achievements and policies.
1. Promotion of Peace and Non-Aggression
- Asoka adopted a policy of Dhamma, emphasizing non-violence and moral governance.
- Following the Kalinga War, he renounced military conquest, a remarkable decision for his time.
- This commitment to peace set a precedent for future leaders.
2. Enduring Influence of Asoka's Peaceful Approach
- Asoka's principles influenced not only the Indian subcontinent but also neighboring regions.
- His edicts and policies fostered an environment conducive to trade and cultural exchanges.
- However, while his influence was significant, it did not entirely prevent incursions in subsequent centuries, making this statement partially true.
3. Promotion of a Single Dharma, Language, and Script
- Asoka did promote a unifying ethical framework (Dhamma) but did not enforce a single dharma.
- He used multiple languages, including Prakrit and Greek, in his inscriptions, not just Sanskrit.
- The script Brahmi was indeed used for many of his inscriptions, but asserting he promoted only one language oversimplifies his linguistic diversity.
Conclusion
- The correct analysis indicates that statements 1 and 3 are accurate regarding Asoka’s policies.
- Thus, the correct answer is option C (1 and 3 only).

According to which tradition Ashoka is said to have visited Khotan in central Asia in 236 B.C.?
  • a)
    Tibetan Tradition 
  • b)
    Jaina Tradition 
  • c)
    Chinese Tradition
  • d)
    Buddhist Tradition 
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Asha Kumar answered
Explanation:
  • Jaina Tradition: According to Jaina tradition, Ashoka is not believed to have visited Khotan in central Asia in 236 B.C. This tradition does not mention any such visit by Ashoka.
  • Buddhist Tradition: The Buddhist tradition holds that Ashoka, the Mauryan emperor, did visit Khotan in central Asia in 236 B.C. during his reign. This tradition is based on historical records and accounts.
  • Chinese Tradition: The Chinese tradition does not mention Ashoka visiting Khotan in central Asia in 236 B.C. Their records do not indicate any such visit by the Mauryan emperor.
  • Tibetan Tradition: The Tibetan tradition also does not mention Ashoka visiting Khotan in central Asia in 236 B.C. There is no historical evidence to support this claim in Tibetan records.
Therefore, according to the Buddhist tradition, Ashoka is said to have visited Khotan in central Asia in 236 B.C. This visit is recorded in historical accounts and is widely accepted in Buddhist historical narratives.
 

From which of the following quarries stone was taken for the Ashokan pillars?
  • a)
    Chunar
  • b)
    Kausambi
  • c)
    Allahabad
  • d)
    Rajgriha
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Kiran Mehta answered
One of Ashoka’s first artistic programs was to erect the pillars that are now scattered throughout what was the Mauryan empire. The pillars vary from 40 to 50 feet in height. They are cut from two different types of stone—one for the shaft and another for the capital. The shaft was almost always cut from a single piece of stone. Laborers cut and dragged the stone from quarries in Mathura and Chunar, located in the northern part of India within Ashoka’s empire. The pillars weigh about 50 tons each. Only 19 of the original pillars survive and many are in fragments. The first pillar was discovered in the 16th century.

Which one of the following Maurya Kings is believed to have conquered Deccan?
  • a)
    Ashoka
  • b)
    Bindusara
  • c)
    Chandragupta Maurya
  • d)
    Kunala
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Deepa Iyer answered
Chandragupta ruled for around 25 years and after that he left his throne for his son Bindusara. Bindusara was called by the Greeks as “Amitraghata” meaning Slayer of enemies. According to some scholars Bindusara have conquered the Deccan upto Mysore. Bindusara conquered 16 states comprising ‘the land between the two seas’ as confirmed by Taranatha, the Tibetan monk. According to Sangam Literature Maurya invaded up to far south. Therefore it can be said that during the rule of Bindusara, the Mauryan dynasty extended as far as Mysore and therefore included almost the whole India but excluded a small portion of unexplored trial and forested regions near Kalinga (Odisha) and the kingdoms of extreme south were not the part of empire.

Consider the following statements:
  • Statement I: The Mauryan Empire's decline was partially due to the financial crisis stemming from excessive military expenditures and Asoka's generous donations to Buddhist monastics.
  • Statement II: Asoka's policy of dhamma and his patronage towards Buddhism did not significantly impact the economic stability of the Mauryan Empire.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Explanation:

Statement I:
- The Mauryan Empire did face a financial crisis due to excessive military expenditures and Asoka's generous donations to Buddhist monastics.
- Asoka's military campaigns and extensive welfare measures did strain the empire's finances, leading to economic instability.

Statement II:
- Asoka's policy of dhamma and his patronage towards Buddhism did have an impact on the Mauryan Empire.
- While it promoted social harmony and moral values, it did not significantly impact the economic stability of the empire. Other factors like financial mismanagement and over-expansion of the empire's territories played a more crucial role in its decline.

Conclusion:
- Statement I is correct as it highlights the financial strain on the Mauryan Empire. However, Statement II is incorrect as Asoka's policies did have some impact on the empire, albeit not primarily on its economic stability.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mauryan Empire introduced widespread stone masonry and remarkable art and architecture, including the Ashoka Pillar.
  2. Kautilya's Arthasastra suggests the use of slaves in large-scale agricultural operations began during the Maurya era.
  3. The Maurya Empire's downfall was accelerated by the Brahmanical reaction to Asoka's policies favoring Buddhism.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Correct Statements about the Mauryan Empire:
- The Mauryan Empire introduced widespread stone masonry and remarkable art and architecture, including the Ashoka Pillar. This statement is correct as the Mauryan Empire was known for its advancements in art and architecture, with the Ashoka Pillar being a notable example of their craftsmanship.
- Kautilya's Arthashastra suggests the use of slaves in large-scale agricultural operations began during the Maurya era. This statement is also correct as the Arthashastra, authored by Chanakya (Kautilya), a key advisor to Chandragupta Maurya, mentions the use of slaves in various economic activities, including agriculture.
- The Maurya Empire's downfall was accelerated by the Brahmanical reaction to Asoka's policies favoring Buddhism. This statement is correct as the promotion of Buddhism by Ashoka, which went against the traditional Brahmanical beliefs, led to resentment among certain groups, contributing to the decline of the Mauryan Empire.
Therefore, all three statements given above are correct. The Mauryan Empire indeed made significant contributions to art and architecture, utilized slaves in agricultural operations, and faced challenges due to the conflict between Buddhist and Brahmanical ideologies.

Which of the following gives the names of the officers at the district level in the correct decending order?
  • a)
    Pradeshika, Rajuka, Yukta
  • b)
    Rajuka, Yukta, Pradeshika
  • c)
    Pradeshika, Yukta, Rajuka
  • d)
    Yukta, Pradeshika, Rajuka
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Shivani Pillai answered
District Level Officers in descending order

The correct order of district level officers in descending order is as follows:

Pradeshika - The highest-ranking officer at the district level is the Pradeshika. They are responsible for the overall administration of the district and serve as the head of the district administration.

Rajuka - The next in rank is Rajuka or the District Collector. They are responsible for the collection of revenue and taxes, maintenance of law and order, and implementation of government policies in the district.

Yukta - The Yukta or the Additional Collector is the next in rank. They assist the District Collector in their duties and also supervise the revenue and administrative functions of the district.

Explanation

The district administration is an important part of the government machinery. It is responsible for the implementation of government policies and programmes at the grassroots level. The officers at the district level play a crucial role in ensuring that the government's welfare schemes and development programmes reach the people.

The Pradeshika is the highest-ranking officer at the district level. They are responsible for the overall administration of the district and serve as the head of the district administration. The Rajuka or the District Collector is the next in rank. They are responsible for the collection of revenue and taxes, maintenance of law and order, and implementation of government policies in the district. The Yukta or the Additional Collector is the next in rank. They assist the District Collector in their duties and also supervise the revenue and administrative functions of the district.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the correct order of district level officers in descending order is Pradeshika, Rajuka, and Yukta. These officers play a critical role in the governance of the district and are responsible for ensuring that the government's policies and programmes are implemented effectively.

Which one of the following officers were special reporters and had direct access to the king?
  • a)
    Pativedakas
  • b)
    Pulisani
  • c)
    Lipikasa
  • d)
    Tirthas
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Gitanjali Roy answered
The correct answer is option 'A', Pativedakas.

Explanation:
During the ancient and medieval period, the king was the center of power and his court was the center of administration. The king was surrounded by a group of officials, who assisted him in the governance of the kingdom. Among these officials, the Pativedakas were special reporters who had direct access to the king.

Who were Pativedakas?
Pativedakas were special reporters who had the following roles and responsibilities:
- They were the eyes and ears of the king and reported to him directly.
- They were assigned to various parts of the kingdom and reported on the activities of the officials, the revenue collected, and the conditions of the people.
- They had the authority to inspect the accounts of the officials and report any irregularities to the king.
- They also had the power to punish the officials who were found guilty of corruption or maladministration.

Other Officials:
Apart from Pativedakas, there were other officials who were part of the king's court. They are:
- Pulisani: They were the messenger or the courier who carried messages from the king to his officials and vice versa.
- Lipikas: They were the scribes or the clerks who maintained the records of the court.
- Tirthas: They were the royal priests who performed religious ceremonies and rituals.

Conclusion:
Thus, Pativedakas were the special reporters who had direct access to the king and played an important role in the governance of the kingdom.

‘Mudra-Rakshasa’ by Visakhadatta has bearing on the reign of
  • a)
    Ashoka
  • b)
    Chandragupta Maurya
  • c)
    The Nandas
  • d)
    Bindusara
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Nilesh Mehra answered
ANSWER 
  • b)
    Chandragupta Maurya
The Mudrarakshasa मुद्राराक्षस(
IAST
Mudrārākṣasa) is a 
Sanskrit
-language play by 
Vishakhadatta
 that narrates the ascent of the king 
Chandragupta Maurya
 (r.  c. 324 – c. 297 BCE) to power in 
India
. The play is an example of 
creative writing
, but not entirely fictional. It is dated variously from the late 4th century to the 8th century CE.

Which one of the following Pillar inscriptions referred Ashoka as ‘Devanampiyah’ and ‘Piyadarshi’?
  • a)
    The Minor pillar inscription at Sarnath
  • b)
    The Minor pillar inscription at Kausambi
  • c)
    The Minor pillar inscription at Sanchi
  • d)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Pillar Inscriptions of Ashoka

Ashoka was an Indian emperor who ruled from 268 to 232 BCE. He was the third ruler of the Mauryan dynasty and is known for his extensive empire, his conversion to Buddhism, and his edicts promoting morality and religious tolerance.

One of the ways Ashoka spread his message was through inscriptions on pillars and rocks throughout his empire. These inscriptions were written in various languages, including Prakrit, Greek, and Aramaic, and were meant to be read by people of all backgrounds and cultures.

Devanampiyah and Piyadarshi

In his inscriptions, Ashoka referred to himself by several titles, including Devanampiyah and Piyadarshi. Devanampiyah means "beloved of the gods," while Piyadarshi means "one who looks upon everyone with affection."

These titles reflect Ashoka's belief in the importance of compassion and kindness, both towards humans and towards the natural world. They also reflect his belief in the divine, as he saw himself as a ruler chosen by the gods to promote their teachings and values.

Pillar Inscriptions Referring to Ashoka as Devanampiyah and Piyadarshi

Several of Ashoka's pillar inscriptions refer to him by these titles, including:

- The Minor Pillar Inscription at Sarnath: This inscription, located near the site where the Buddha gave his first sermon, refers to Ashoka as Devanampiyah.
- The Minor Pillar Inscription at Kausambi: This inscription, located in present-day Uttar Pradesh, refers to Ashoka as Piyadarshi.
- The Minor Pillar Inscription at Sanchi: This inscription, located in present-day Madhya Pradesh, refers to Ashoka as both Devanampiyah and Piyadarshi.

These inscriptions, along with many others throughout Ashoka's empire, demonstrate his commitment to promoting moral and ethical values, as well as his belief in the importance of rulership guided by compassion and kindness.

What was the function of officer known as Gopa during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya?
  • a)
    He was incharge of a village.
  • b)
    He was incharge of ajanapada.
  • c)
    He was incharge of a group of villages.
  • d)
    He was the president of municipal board.
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Asha Chopra answered
The function of the officer known as Gopa during the reign of Chandragupta Maurya was to be in charge of a group of villages. This position held significant administrative responsibilities and played a crucial role in the governance and management of the Mauryan Empire. Let's delve into the details to understand the role and function of the Gopa officer during that time.

1. Overview of the Mauryan Empire:
The Mauryan Empire, under the reign of Chandragupta Maurya, was one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India. It had a well-organized administrative system that focused on effective governance and territorial control.

2. Administrative Structure:
The Mauryan Empire was divided into various administrative units known as janapadas, which were further divided into smaller units called villages. To efficiently manage and govern these villages, officers were appointed, and one such officer was the Gopa.

3. Responsibilities of a Gopa:
The Gopa was responsible for overseeing a group of villages and ensuring their efficient administration. Some of the key responsibilities of a Gopa included:

- Tax Collection: The Gopa collected taxes from the villages under their jurisdiction. This included land revenue, custom duties, and other levies imposed by the Mauryan administration.

- Law and Order: The Gopa maintained law and order in the villages and resolved disputes among the villagers. They acted as a local judicial authority and ensured that peace prevailed within their jurisdiction.

- Agricultural Management: As agriculture was the primary occupation of the people, the Gopa played a crucial role in managing and promoting agricultural activities. They supervised irrigation systems, introduced new agricultural techniques, and ensured proper utilization of land resources.

- Infrastructure Development: The Gopa oversaw the development and maintenance of basic infrastructure in the villages. This included the construction and repair of roads, bridges, and other public amenities.

4. Reporting to Higher Authorities:
The Gopa officer reported to higher authorities, such as the provincial governor or the central administration, providing them with updates on the status of villages, tax collection, and any issues that required their attention.

Overall, the Gopa officer held significant power and responsibility in the Mauryan Empire. They played a crucial role in maintaining law and order, collecting taxes, promoting agricultural activities, and managing the overall administration of a group of villages. Their efficient functioning contributed to the smooth governance and stability of the empire.

Which Edict refers to Ashoka’s supposed presence in BuddhistSangha?
  • a)
    Bhabhru Edict
  • b)
    A Minor Rock Edict
  • c)
    Menshera
  • d)
    Kalinga
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

The correct option is B.
The Minor Rock Edicts of Ashoka (r.269-233 BCE) are rock inscriptions which form the earliest.In the Gujarra Minor Rock Edict also, the name of Ashoka is used together.

Consider the following statements:
  1. The Mauryan Empire's extensive road network facilitated the movement of armies and the promotion of trade and communication.
  2. The spread of new material knowledge and the use of iron tools beyond the Gangetic heartland coincided with the rise of rival kingdoms, contributing to the Maurya Empire's decline.
  3. Asoka implemented a policy of acculturation, aiming to integrate tribal peoples into settled, taxpaying societies.
How many of the statements given above are correct?
  • a)
    Only one
  • b)
    Only two
  • c)
    All three
  • d)
    None
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

  • The strategic establishment of roads by the Mauryan Empire played a crucial role in the empire's military successes and economic prosperity.
  • The dissemination of material culture and technological advancements like iron tools to other regions diminished the Gangetic basin's exclusive advantages, facilitating the emergence of new kingdoms.
  • Asoka's efforts to acculturate tribal communities were part of his broader vision to unify his empire and promote social cohesion.

Which one of the following foreign kings was a contemporary of Ashoka?
  • a)
    Ptolemy Philadelphos
  • b)
    Antioches
  • c)
    Magas
  • d)
    None of the above 
  • e)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Aniket Nair answered
Contemporary Foreign Kings of Ashoka

Ashoka was a prominent ruler of the Mauryan dynasty in India, who ruled from 268 BCE to 232 BCE. During his reign, he extended the boundaries of his empire, promoted Buddhism, and implemented policies of social welfare. Ashoka was a contemporary of several foreign kings, and the correct option is 'E', which states that all the given options are correct.

Foreign Kings Contemporary to Ashoka

Ptolemy Philadelphos: Ptolemy II Philadelphos was a ruler of the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt, who ruled from 283 BCE to 246 BCE. He was a contemporary of Ashoka and was known for his patronage of arts and science, including the famous Library of Alexandria.

Antiochus: Antiochus II Theos was a ruler of the Seleucid Empire in Syria, who ruled from 261 BCE to 246 BCE. He was a contemporary of Ashoka and engaged in diplomatic relations with the Mauryan empire.

Magas: Magas of Cyrene was a ruler of Cyrene, a Greek colony in North Africa, who ruled from 300 BCE to 258 BCE. He was a contemporary of Ashoka and was known for his military campaigns and cultural achievements.

Conclusion

From the above information, it can be concluded that all the given options are correct, and Ptolemy Philadelphos, Antiochus, and Magas were contemporary foreign kings of Ashoka. This fact is important for understanding the historical context of Ashoka's reign and his interactions with other rulers of his time.

Identify the places where the Fourteen Major Rock Edict of Ashoka are located.
  • a)
    Kalsi, Manshera
  • b)
    Sopara, Yerragudi
  • c)
    Shahbazgarhi, Dhauli
  • d)
    Girnar, Jaugada
  • e)
    All of the above
Correct answer is option 'E'. Can you explain this answer?

Athul Sen answered
The Fourteen Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka are a series of inscriptions made by the Mauryan emperor Ashoka during his reign in the 3rd century BCE. These inscriptions were written in Prakrit language and Brahmi script on large rocks and pillars situated across the Indian subcontinent. The edicts primarily focus on Ashoka's moral and ethical principles and his efforts to promote Buddhism.

The places where the Fourteen Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka are located are:

a) Kalsi, Manshehra: Located in the modern-day state of Uttarakhand, Kalsi and Manshehra are two sites where Ashoka's rock edicts have been found.

b) Sopara, Yerragudi: Sopara is located in the present-day state of Maharashtra, while Yerragudi is situated in Andhra Pradesh. Both these sites have inscriptions that belong to the Fourteen Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka.

c) Shahbazgarhi, Dhauli: Shahbazgarhi is a town in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, while Dhauli is located in the Indian state of Odisha. Both these sites have Ashoka's rock edicts that belong to the Fourteen Major Rock Edicts.

d) Girnar, Jaugada: Girnar is a group of hills located in the Junagadh district of Gujarat, while Jaugada is situated in the Ganjam district of Odisha. Both these places have inscriptions that belong to the Fourteen Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka.

e) All of the above: The correct answer is option 'E' - all of the above. The Fourteen Major Rock Edicts of Ashoka can be found in all the places mentioned above.

Consider the following pairs:
1. Brahmanical Reaction - Discontent due to Asoka's policies
2. Financial Crisis - Excessive military expenditure
3. Oppressive Rule - Rebellion in Taxila
4. Neglect of the North-West Frontier - Construction of the Great Wall of China by Asoka
How many pairs given above are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    Only three pairs
  • d)
    All four pairs
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Sneha Kumar answered
Understanding the Pairs
To evaluate the correctness of the given pairs, we must analyze each one critically:
1. Brahmanical Reaction - Discontent due to Asoka's policies
- Asoka's policies, particularly his promotion of Buddhism and non-violence, led to discontent among Brahmins who felt sidelined.
- This pair is correctly matched.
2. Financial Crisis - Excessive military expenditure
- Asoka significantly reduced military campaigns after his conversion to Buddhism.
- This pair is incorrectly matched; he actually aimed for peace and stability, reducing military costs.
3. Oppressive Rule - Rebellion in Taxila
- Taxila was a significant center during Asoka’s reign. Reports suggest that there was unrest and rebellion in the region due to oppressive taxes and administration.
- Thus, this pair is correctly matched.
4. Neglect of the North-West Frontier - Construction of the Great Wall of China by Asoka
- The Great Wall of China was constructed during the Qin Dynasty, well before Asoka's time. Asoka did not build the wall, and there is no direct correlation between his neglect of the North-West Frontier and this construction.
- Therefore, this pair is incorrectly matched.
Conclusion
In summary, pairs 1 and 3 are correctly matched, while pairs 2 and 4 are not. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'C', as only two pairs are correctly matched.

Which one of the following statements about the new service of the dhamma-mahamattas introduced by Ashoka is not correct?
  • a)
    They alone were responsible for the working ofdhamma.
  • b)
    During the reign of Ashoka they were given wide powers and responsibilities.
  • c)
    They looked into the complaints of lawabiding people and ensured fair treatment to them.
  • d)
    They also attended the welfare of prisoners and the inspection of the judiciary.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sanjana Roy answered
Introduction:
The dhamma-mahamattas were a new service introduced by Ashoka during his reign. They were responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the dhamma, which was a set of moral and ethical rules that Ashoka wanted his subjects to follow. While most of the statements about the dhamma-mahamattas are correct, one of them is not accurate.

Explanation:
Let's analyze each statement to identify the one that is not correct:

a) They alone were responsible for the working of dhamma:
This statement is incorrect. While the dhamma-mahamattas played a crucial role in the implementation of the dhamma, they were not solely responsible for it. Ashoka encouraged all his subjects to follow the dhamma and promoted its teachings through various means. The dhamma-mahamattas were appointed to assist in this process, but they were not the only ones responsible for the working of dhamma.

b) During the reign of Ashoka, they were given wide powers and responsibilities:
This statement is true. Ashoka bestowed the dhamma-mahamattas with significant powers and responsibilities. They were given authority over various aspects of governance, including the administration of justice, the welfare of prisoners, and the inspection of the judiciary. This was done to ensure the proper enforcement of the dhamma and to promote fairness and justice in society.

c) They looked into the complaints of law-abiding people and ensured fair treatment to them:
This statement is correct. One of the primary roles of the dhamma-mahamattas was to address the grievances and complaints of law-abiding citizens. They acted as intermediaries between the people and the administration, ensuring that their concerns were heard and appropriate actions were taken. This helped in maintaining a sense of justice and fairness in society.

d) They also attended the welfare of prisoners and the inspection of the judiciary:
This statement is true. The dhamma-mahamattas were responsible for the welfare of prisoners, ensuring that they were treated fairly and humanely. They also inspected the functioning of the judiciary to ensure that justice was being served. This was part of Ashoka's efforts to promote compassion and kindness towards all individuals, including those who had committed crimes.

Conclusion:
Based on the analysis above, it can be concluded that the correct answer is option 'A' - They alone were responsible for the working of dhamma. This statement is not correct as the implementation of the dhamma was a collective effort involving the dhamma-mahamattas, Ashoka, and his subjects.

Consider the following statements regarding the Maurya Empire:
1. The Mauryan state maintained an elaborate system of espionage to collect intelligence about foreign enemies and monitor the activities of officers.
2. The employment of slaves in agricultural operations was a common practice in India from Vedic times.
3. The term "tithas" refers to religious practices prevalent during the Maurya period.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Explanation:

1. The Mauryan state maintained an elaborate system of espionage:
- The statement is correct. The Mauryan Empire, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya and his successors, had a well-organized system of espionage to gather intelligence about foreign enemies and monitor the activities of officers. This system helped in maintaining control over the vast empire and ensuring security.

2. The employment of slaves in agricultural operations:
- The statement is incorrect. While slavery did exist in ancient India, it was not a common practice in agricultural operations during the Mauryan period. The Mauryan economy was primarily agrarian, and the labor force mainly consisted of free peasants and laborers.

3. The term "tithas" refers to religious practices:
- The statement is incorrect. The term "tithas" does not refer to religious practices prevalent during the Mauryan period. "Tithas" generally refers to a fixed portion of one's earnings or agricultural produce given as a tax or donation in Hinduism.
Therefore, the correct answer is:
a) 1 Only

How did the spread of material culture influence regions like Andhra and Karnataka according to the provided content?
  • a)
    Through contacts with the Mauryas, leading to advancements in agricultural practices
  • b)
    By direct trade with the Roman Empire, enhancing technological exchanges
  • c)
    Via maritime routes connecting with Southeast Asian civilizations, fostering cultural diffusion
  • d)
    Through conquests by the Gupta Empire, imposing cultural assimilation
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Spread of Material Culture in Andhra and Karnataka
The spread of material culture influenced regions like Andhra and Karnataka through contacts with the Mauryas, leading to advancements in agricultural practices. This interaction played a significant role in shaping the cultural landscape of these regions.

Impact of Mauryan Contacts
- The Mauryan Empire had a strong influence on the regions of Andhra and Karnataka through trade and cultural exchanges.
- The Mauryas introduced new agricultural techniques, such as irrigation systems and crop rotation, which helped improve agricultural productivity in these regions.
- This exchange of knowledge and practices not only boosted agricultural output but also led to the development of a more sophisticated agricultural economy.

Advancements in Agriculture
- With the adoption of new agricultural practices from the Mauryas, the regions of Andhra and Karnataka experienced a transformation in their agricultural sector.
- The introduction of advanced techniques helped in increasing food production, leading to economic prosperity and stability in these regions.
- The spread of material culture through Mauryan contacts played a crucial role in shaping the agricultural landscape of Andhra and Karnataka, laying the foundation for future developments.
In conclusion, the spread of material culture through contacts with the Mauryas had a profound impact on regions like Andhra and Karnataka, particularly in the advancement of agricultural practices. This exchange of knowledge and technologies contributed to the overall development and prosperity of these regions, highlighting the significance of cultural interactions in shaping societies.

Consider the following pairs:

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only two pairs
  • b)
    Only one pair
  • c)
    All three pairs
  • d)
    None of the pairs
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

  • The term "tirthas" does not specifically refer to high-ranking bureaucrats in the Mauryan administration; thus, this pairing is incorrect.
  • Adhyakshas were indeed superintendents responsible for various economic sectors, playing a crucial role in the administration of the empire's economy.
  • Spies were utilized extensively throughout the Mauryan Empire for a variety of purposes, including intelligence gathering within the empire and monitoring potential threats, not limited to military functions.

Existence of slaves is mentioned in Indian sources. Which one of the following was the most likely reason for Megasthenes’ statement that there were no slaves?
  • a)
    Since they could own property, earn for themselves and even in some cases buy back their freedom, they were very different from their Greek counterparts.
  • b)
    They formed part of the larger group of outcastes. 
  • c)
    The human treatment meted out to them made their position unrecognisable.
  • d)
    The position of the slaves was indistinguishable from that of hired labourers.
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rhea Basu answered
Reasons for Megasthenes statement that there were no slaves in India:

Different from Greek counterparts:

- In Greek society, slaves were considered property and did not have any rights or freedoms.
- In contrast, in Indian society, slaves could own property, earn for themselves and even in some cases buy back their freedom.
- This made their position very different from their Greek counterparts and could be a reason why Megasthenes stated that there were no slaves in India.

Outcastes:

- While there were outcastes in Indian society who were considered to be of lower status and faced discrimination, they were not necessarily slaves.
- Slaves were a distinct group in Indian society and were treated differently.

Human treatment:

- While it is true that slaves in many societies were treated inhumanely, this was not necessarily the case in India.
- In fact, some sources suggest that slaves in India were treated relatively well and were often given important positions in households or armies.

Indistinguishable from hired laborers:

- While there were certainly hired laborers in India, there were also distinct groups of slaves who were considered to be different from other workers.
- Therefore, the position of slaves was not indistinguishable from that of hired laborers.

Conclusion:

- Based on the above analysis, it seems that the most likely reason for Megasthenes statement that there were no slaves in India is that the position of slaves in Indian society was very different from their Greek counterparts.

Among the successors of Ashoka who is referred to as a patron of Jains almost in the same light as Buddhist texts treat Ashoka?
  • a)
    Jaluka
  • b)
    Brihadratha
  • c)
    Samprati
  • d)
    Salisuka
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ruchi Sarkar answered
Patron of Jains - Samprati

Samprati, the successor of Ashoka, is referred to as a patron of Jains almost in the same light as Buddhist texts treat Ashoka. Samprati was a devout Jain and is credited with promoting Jainism during his reign.

Contributions to Jainism

Samprati is known for his contributions to Jainism, which include:

1. Building Jain temples: Samprati is said to have built thousands of Jain temples across India, including the famous Palitana temples in Gujarat.

2. Encouraging Jainism: Samprati is said to have encouraged people to follow Jainism and even converted many non-Jains to the religion.

3. Supporting Jain scholars: Samprati is said to have supported Jain scholars and sponsored the writing of Jain texts.

4. Protecting Jainism: Samprati is said to have protected Jainism from its enemies and ensured that Jains were not persecuted.

Legacy

Samprati's contributions to Jainism were significant, and he is remembered as one of the great patrons of the religion. His legacy lives on in the many Jain temples he built, the followers he converted, and the texts he sponsored.

Conclusion

Samprati's devotion to Jainism and his contributions to the religion make him an important figure in Indian history. His legacy serves as an inspiration to those who seek to promote religious tolerance and understanding.

Consider the following statements regarding the Mauryan Empire:
1. The Maurya rulers did not have to manage a large population, as the army size did not exceed 650,000 men.
2. The Mauryas introduced widespread use of stone masonry and built impressive structures like the Maurya palace at Pataliputra.
3. The Maurya period saw the use of iron tools like socketed axes, sickles, and ploughshares spreading beyond the Gangetic basin.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 Only
  • b)
    1 and 2 Only
  • c)
    1 and 3 Only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Surbhi Joshi answered
Explanation:
1. Population Management:
- The Mauryan Empire, under rulers like Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, managed a vast population that extended across a large geographical area, including present-day India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Bangladesh.
- The Mauryan army was indeed substantial, with estimates ranging from 600,000 to 900,000 soldiers.
2. Stone Masonry and Impressive Structures:
- The Mauryas were known for their architectural achievements, with the widespread use of stone masonry in building structures like the Maurya palace at Pataliputra (modern-day Patna).
- The Mauryan Empire saw the construction of numerous impressive structures and monuments, showcasing their advanced architectural skills.
3. Use of Iron Tools:
- The Mauryan period witnessed significant advancements in technology, including the spread of iron tools like socketed axes, sickles, and ploughshares.
- The use of iron tools extended beyond the Gangetic basin, contributing to agricultural productivity and economic development during the Mauryan Empire.
Therefore, all three statements are correct. The Mauryan Empire was renowned for its management of a vast population, architectural achievements in stone masonry, and technological advancements in the use of iron tools.

Who said that “the royal palace halls of Ashoka.... were all made by spirits”?
  • a)
    Fahien
  • b)
    Hieun Tsang
  • c)
    I-Tsing
  • d)
    Wang-Hiuen-Tse
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshita Menon answered
Fahien, a Chinese Buddhist monk and traveler, said that the royal palace halls of Ashoka were all made by spirits.

Explanation:
Fahien traveled to India during the reign of Chandragupta II, and his travels are documented in his book, "Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms". In this book, he describes his journey to various Buddhist sites in India, including the city of Pataliputra, which was the capital of the Mauryan Empire under the reign of Ashoka.

According to Fahien, the royal palace halls of Ashoka were all made by spirits. This suggests that the construction of these halls was beyond human capabilities and that they were built with the help of supernatural beings. The idea of spirits or supernatural beings assisting in the construction of buildings is not uncommon in many cultures and religions.

Fahien's account provides insight into the beliefs and cultural practices of the time and highlights the importance of supernatural beliefs in ancient Indian society.

The special urban official who formed into six councils or boards and who looked after Pataliputra were known by the name of
  • a)
    Astynomois
  • b)
    Antamahamatras
  • c)
    Nagarsashakas
  • d)
    Rajukas
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Nilesh Mehra answered
Astynomois were the special urban officials who looked after Pataliputra during ancient times. Let's understand more about these officials and their role in governing the city.

Meaning of Astynomois

The term Astynomois is derived from the Greek word "astynomos" meaning "city law officer". It is believed that these officials were appointed by Emperor Ashoka to administer the city of Pataliputra, which was the capital of the Mauryan Empire.

Role of Astynomois

The Astynomois were responsible for maintaining law and order in the city. They formed six councils or boards to look after different aspects of governance. These councils were:

1. Sanitation Board - responsible for maintaining cleanliness and hygiene in the city.
2. Health Board - responsible for providing medical facilities to the citizens.
3. Education Board - responsible for promoting education and learning in the city.
4. Trade Board - responsible for regulating trade and commerce.
5. Tax Board - responsible for collecting taxes from the citizens.
6. Judiciary Board - responsible for dispensing justice and resolving disputes among the citizens.

Apart from these councils, the Astynomois were also responsible for maintaining public buildings, roads, and other infrastructure in the city. They had the power to impose fines and penalties on those who violated the city's laws and regulations.

Conclusion

Thus, the Astynomois played a crucial role in governing the city of Pataliputra during ancient times. They were responsible for maintaining law and order, providing basic amenities to the citizens, and regulating various aspects of governance. Their efficient administration helped Pataliputra become one of the most prosperous and advanced cities of its time.

Consider the following pairs:

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    All three pairs
  • d)
    None of the pairs
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

  • Punch-marked coins were indeed utilized during the Mauryan era, marking the first widespread use of standardized currency across the empire.
  • Superintendents were appointed for a variety of economic activities, not just for the regulation of urban centers, but for agriculture, trade, mining, and more, reflecting a broad scope of economic regulation.
  • The employment of slaves in agriculture is specifically noted in the Arthasastra as a feature of the Mauryan period, not the Gupta period, indicating its introduction much earlier than suggested.

Which one of the following was regarded as the standard coin during the Mauryan period?
  • a)
    Nishka
  • b)
    Krishnala
  • c)
    Pana
  • d)
    Suvarna
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Anshika Sarkar answered
The Mauryan Empire was one of the largest and most powerful empires in ancient India, which lasted from 322 BCE to 185 BCE. It was during this period that the standard coin of the Mauryan Empire was introduced, known as the Pana.

Meaning of Pana
The Pana was a small copper coin that was widely circulated and accepted as the standard coin of the Mauryan Empire. It was used for trade and commerce, and its value was equivalent to a certain weight of silver or gold.

Features of Pana
The Pana was a small copper coin, weighing around 3 grams and measuring around 1.5 cm in diameter. It was inscribed with Brahmi script on one side and had various symbols on the other side, such as a bull, an elephant, a lion, etc. The inscriptions on the coin included the name of the ruler, the place of minting, and the year of issue.

Importance of Pana
The Pana was an important coin during the Mauryan period, as it helped in the growth of trade and commerce in the empire. It was accepted as a standard coin in all parts of the empire, which made it easier for traders and merchants to conduct business transactions. The use of Pana also helped in the development of a uniform system of weights and measures, which further facilitated trade and commerce.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the Pana was the standard coin of the Mauryan Empire, which played a crucial role in the growth of trade and commerce during that era. It was a small copper coin with inscriptions in Brahmi script, and its wide acceptance helped in the development of a uniform system of weights and measures.

What is Vishti?
  • a)
    Marriage rites
  • b)
    Forced labour
  • c)
    A province
  • d)
    A district
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjali Mehta answered
Explanation:

Vishti refers to a practice of forced labour in ancient India. It was a system in which labourers were forced to work for the state or the king without any payment. The practice was prevalent during the Vedic period and continued until the medieval period.

Vishti was considered a form of punishment for criminals or those who had committed a crime. It was also used as a means of collecting revenue from the people. The labourers were usually made to work on construction projects such as building roads, canals, and monuments. They were also employed in agriculture, mining, and other such activities.

The practice of Vishti was considered a violation of human rights as it involved forced labour without any payment. The labourers were often subjected to harsh working conditions and were not given any safety measures. Many of them died due to accidents or diseases that they contracted while working.

Over time, the practice of Vishti was abolished in many parts of India due to the efforts of social reformers and the government. Today, forced labour is illegal in India and is punishable under the law.

Conclusion:

Vishti was a practice of forced labour in ancient India. It was a system in which labourers were forced to work for the state or the king without any payment. The practice was prevalent during the Vedic period and continued until the medieval period. It was considered a violation of human rights and was abolished in many parts of India due to the efforts of social reformers and the government.

Which of the following was not one of the fiscal measures that could be adopted in emergency?
  • a)
    Raising of tax to one-third or one-fourth
  • b)
    Levy of pranaya (a gift of affection)
  • c)
    Imposition ofvishti
  • d)
    Forcing the cultivators to raise two crops
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Jaya Mehta answered
The correct answer is option 'C' - Imposition of vishti.

Vishti was not one of the fiscal measures that could be adopted in an emergency. The term 'vishti' refers to a famine tax imposed on the people during times of severe food shortage or drought.

Fiscal measures are economic policies taken by the government to manage its revenue and expenditure. During emergencies such as wars, famines, or economic crises, governments may adopt various fiscal measures to mitigate the impact and ensure the stability of the economy.

Let us now discuss the three fiscal measures mentioned in the options:

a) Raising of tax to one-third or one-fourth: During emergencies, the government may increase taxes to generate additional revenue. This measure is aimed at increasing the government's income to meet the increased expenditure requirements in times of crisis. By raising taxes, the government can finance necessary expenditures such as defense, relief efforts, or infrastructure development.

b) Levy of pranaya (a gift of affection): Pranaya was a voluntary contribution made by the people to the king during times of crisis. It was seen as a gesture of loyalty and support towards the ruler. The levy of pranaya was one way for the government to raise funds during emergencies without resorting to forceful measures like taxation or confiscation.

c) Imposition of vishti: Vishti, as mentioned earlier, was not a fiscal measure. Instead, it was a tax imposed on the people during famines or severe food shortage. This tax was levied to ensure that the government had sufficient resources to provide relief to the affected population. However, it is worth noting that vishti was not a commonly practiced fiscal measure and was not considered as one of the standard options during emergencies.

d) Forcing the cultivators to raise two crops: This measure aimed at increasing agricultural production during times of food shortage. By coercing cultivators to grow two crops instead of the usual one, the government aimed to boost food production and ensure food security for the population. This measure focused on increasing agricultural output rather than directly generating revenue for the government.

In conclusion, the imposition of vishti was not one of the fiscal measures that could be adopted during an emergency. The other options mentioned - raising of tax, levy of pranaya, and forcing cultivators to raise two crops - were all potential fiscal measures that governments could adopt in times of crisis.

During the Maurya period in ancient India, which aspect facilitated transportation and promoted trade and communication?
  • a)
    Royal control
  • b)
    Pataliputra's strategic position
  • c)
    The existence of various roads
  • d)
    The Mauryan army size
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Anirban Mehta answered
Strategic Position of Pataliputra
Pataliputra, the capital of the Maurya empire, was strategically located at the confluence of two major rivers, the Ganges and the Sone. This strategic position facilitated transportation by waterways, allowing for easier movement of goods and people. Additionally, being located near the center of the empire, Pataliputra served as a hub for trade and communication with various regions.

Existence of Various Roads
During the Maurya period, the empire invested heavily in the construction of roads to connect different parts of the vast empire. These well-maintained roads not only facilitated the movement of the Mauryan army but also promoted trade and communication. Traders could travel safely and efficiently along these roads, leading to increased economic activities and cultural exchanges.

Overall Impact
The combination of Pataliputra's strategic position and the existence of a network of roads played a crucial role in promoting trade and communication during the Maurya period. These factors enabled the efficient transportation of goods, facilitated the spread of ideas and technologies, and contributed to the overall prosperity of the empire. The Mauryan empire's focus on infrastructure development laid the foundation for a thriving economy and cultural exchange.

Consider the following pairs:

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?
  • a)
    Only one pair
  • b)
    Only two pairs
  • c)
    All three pairs
  • d)
    None of the pairs
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

  • The Ashoka Pillars are renowned for their intricate carvings and polished finish, marking a significant advance in the use of stone sculpture.
  • The Arthasastra, attributed to Kautilya (also known as Chanakya), is a seminal text that covers a wide range of topics including economics, politics, military strategy, and social affairs of the Mauryan Empire.
  • The Barabar Caves represent some of the earliest instances of rock-cut architecture in India, directly linked to the Mauryan period.

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I:
Asoka's approach after the Kalinga war aimed at expanding his empire through ideological means rather than physical conquest.
Statement-II:
Asoka's policies post the Kalinga conflict led to the abandonment of militaristic actions, focusing on cultural influence and the propagation of Dhamma.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?
  • a)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II explains Statement-I
  • b)
    Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, but Statement-II does not explain Statement-I
  • c)
    Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect
  • d)
    Statement-I is incorrect, but Statement-II is correct
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Amrutha Gupta answered
Understanding the Statements
The two statements regarding Asoka after the Kalinga war highlight his significant shift in governance and ideology.
Statement-I: Ideological Expansion
- Correctness: This statement is accurate. After the Kalinga war, which caused him great remorse due to the suffering it inflicted, Asoka sought to expand his empire not through military conquests but through the principles of Dhamma.
- Focus on Ideology: His approach emphasized moral and ethical teachings, aiming to create a unified society based on shared values.
Statement-II: Abandonment of Militarism
- Correctness: This statement is also correct. Asoka's policies indeed marked a departure from militaristic actions towards cultural influence.
- Propagation of Dhamma: He promoted Dhamma, a set of ethical guidelines rooted in Buddhism, which emphasized non-violence, compassion, and tolerance.
Connecting the Statements
- Explanation of Relationship: Statement-II explains Statement-I effectively. The abandonment of militaristic actions (Statement-II) is a direct consequence of his ideological shift towards expanding the empire through Dhamma (Statement-I). The two are interconnected, illustrating his comprehensive strategy for governance post-Kalinga.
Conclusion
- Correct Answer: Therefore, the correct option is (a) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct, and Statement-II explains Statement-I. This understanding reflects Asoka's transformation into a ruler focused on spiritual and cultural advancement rather than territorial expansion.

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