All questions of Nationalist Movement (1905-1947) for BPSC (Bihar) Exam

The president of the Indian National Congress annual session in 1905 was Gopal Krishna Gokhale.

Gopal Krishna Gokhale:
- Gopal Krishna Gokhale was an Indian liberal political leader and a social reformer.
- He was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
- Gokhale was known for his moderate views and his belief in gradual reform through constitutional means.
- He was a mentor to many Indian leaders including Mahatma Gandhi.

Indian National Congress Annual Session 1905:
- The Indian National Congress annual session in 1905 was held in Banaras (now Varanasi).
- The session was presided over by Gopal Krishna Gokhale.
- The session was significant as it marked the beginning of the Swadeshi movement in India.
- The Swadeshi movement was a nationalist movement that aimed to promote Indian goods and boycott British goods as a means of economic protest against British colonial rule.

Conclusion:
Gopal Krishna Gokhale was the president of the Indian National Congress annual session in 1905 held in Banaras, which marked the beginning of the Swadeshi movement in India.

Vasudev Balavant Phadke was one of the first persons to start the revolutionary activity in India. He was born in 1845 in Maharashtra. He was a social reformer and a freedom fighter who played an important role in the Indian independence movement.

Early Life and Education
Vasudev Balavant Phadke was born in a small village in Maharashtra. He was the son of a farmer and had a simple upbringing. He received his education in a local school and later went on to study at the Deccan College in Pune.

Revolutionary Activities
Phadke was deeply influenced by the ideas of Swami Vivekananda and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. He became involved in the freedom struggle and started organizing secret meetings and rallies to spread awareness among the people.

In 1875, he formed the 'Ranangan Sabha' in Pune, which was a secret society aimed at overthrowing the British rule in India. He also formed a private army of about 200 men, which he called the 'Pandavas'.

In 1879, he launched an armed rebellion against the British in Maharashtra. He attacked several British targets and even managed to capture a small town called Dhamari. However, his rebellion was short-lived as he was arrested by the British and sentenced to life imprisonment.

Legacy
Vasudev Balavant Phadke's contribution to the Indian freedom struggle was immense. He was one of the first persons to start the revolutionary activity in India. His fearless attitude and dedication to the cause of freedom inspired many others to follow in his footsteps.

Today, he is remembered as a hero who fought for the freedom of his country. His legacy continues to inspire people to fight against oppression and injustice.

D)Neither of them

Achievements of Swarajists:

1. Vitthal Bhai Patel elected as Speaker of Central Legislative Assembly in 1925:
- Swarajists were a group of Indian politicians who contested elections to the Central Legislative Assembly under the Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, which allowed for limited self-government in India.
- In 1925, Vitthal Bhai Patel, a prominent Swarajist leader, was elected as the Speaker of the Central Legislative Assembly, which was a significant achievement for the Swarajist movement.
- Patel was the first Indian to hold this position, and it gave the Swarajists a platform to voice their demands for greater self-government for India.

2. Defeat of the Public Safety Bill 1928:
- The Public Safety Bill was introduced in 1928 by the British government in India to curb political activities and suppress dissent.
- The Swarajists, along with other Indian nationalist groups, opposed the bill and launched a campaign against it.
- The Swarajists' efforts paid off, and the bill was eventually defeated in the Central Legislative Assembly, which was a significant victory for the Indian nationalist movement.

3. Setting up of National Schools and Colleges:
- The Swarajists believed that education was an essential tool for creating a non-colonial ideological framework in India.
- To achieve this goal, they set up national schools and colleges where students were trained in an Indian cultural and ideological framework.
- These institutions aimed to provide education that was free from the influence of colonialism and imperialism, and they played a crucial role in shaping the Indian nationalist movement.

In conclusion, the Swarajists were able to achieve significant victories in their fight for self-government and national education in India. Their efforts helped pave the way for India's eventual independence in 1947.

Statement Analysis:

Statement 1: Except Provincial Congress Committees, The Congress Working Committee, the All India Congress Committee were declared unlawful associations under the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908.

Statement 2: The assembly of public meetings was prohibited under the Defence of India Rules.

Correctness of the statements:

Statement 1 is not correct as it states that Provincial Congress Committees were not declared unlawful associations, which is false. In fact, all Congress Committees were declared unlawful associations under the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908.

Statement 2 is correct as the assembly of public meetings was indeed prohibited under the Defence of India Rules.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - 1 Only.

Explanation:

The Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 was enacted by the British Government to suppress political dissent in India. Under this act, the Congress Working Committee, the All India Congress Committee, and all Provincial Congress Committees were declared unlawful associations. This meant that any person found to be a member of these associations could be arrested and prosecuted.

The Defence of India Rules were also introduced during the First World War to control political activities in India. These rules prohibited the assembly of public meetings, processions, and demonstrations without prior permission from the authorities. This was done to prevent anti-British sentiments from spreading and to maintain law and order.

In conclusion, both the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1908 and the Defence of India Rules were used by the British Government to suppress political dissent and maintain their control over India.

- This statement is correct. Lonar Lake is indeed a notified National Geo-Heritage Monument.
- Lonar Lake is a unique and ancient crater lake located in the Buldhana district of Maharashtra, India.
- It was formed around 50,000 years ago when a meteorite hit the Earth's surface, creating a circular crater with a diameter of about 1.8 kilometers.
- The lake and its surrounding area have significant geological and ecological importance, which led to its recognition as a National Geo-Heritage Monument.
- The lake is also known for its rich biodiversity and is home to various species of flora and fauna.


- This statement is incorrect. Lonar Lake is not acidic in nature.
- The lake is situated inside the Deccan Plateau, which is a large plateau in central India.
- However, Lonar Lake is alkaline or basic in nature, with a pH level of around 10-11.5.
- The alkalinity of the lake is primarily due to the presence of various salts and minerals dissolved in its water, such as sodium, magnesium, and potassium.
- The lake's alkaline nature has created a unique ecosystem, with several microorganisms adapted to the extreme conditions.

Therefore, only statement 1 is correct, and statement 2 is incorrect. The correct answer is option 'A' - 1 only.

Explanation:

The correct answer is option 'D' - None of them.

Statement 1: What angered the Indians most was the exclusion of Indians from the commission and the basic notion behind the exclusion that foreigners would discuss and decide upon India's self-government fitness.

This statement is correct. During the time of British rule in India, the Simon Commission was appointed by the British government to propose constitutional reforms for India. However, the commission did not include any Indian members, which angered the Indians. They felt that the exclusion of Indians from the commission was unfair and reflected the British government's lack of trust in the Indian people's ability to discuss and decide upon their own self-government fitness. This exclusion was one of the main reasons for the widespread protests and opposition against the Simon Commission.

Statement 2: This notion was seen as a violation of the principle of self-determination and as a deliberate insult to the self-respect of Indians.

This statement is also correct. The notion of excluding Indians from the Simon Commission was seen by the Indians as a violation of the principle of self-determination. Self-determination is the right of a nation or people to govern themselves and make decisions about their own political, economic, and social affairs. By excluding Indians from the commission, the British government was denying Indians the opportunity to exercise their right to self-determination and determine their own future.

Furthermore, the exclusion of Indians from the commission was perceived as a deliberate insult to the self-respect of Indians. It sent a message that the British government did not value the opinions and capabilities of the Indian people. This insult to their self-respect further fueled the anger and resentment among the Indian population, leading to widespread protests, boycotts, and demands for complete independence from British rule.

In conclusion, both statements are correct. The exclusion of Indians from the Simon Commission and the notion behind this exclusion were major sources of anger and resentment among the Indian population, as it violated the principle of self-determination and insulted their self-respect.

The Prevention of seditious meetings Act (1907) The Explosives Substances Act (1908) The Press Act (1910) Annulment of the partition (1911).

Explanation:

Split in Congress:

- The Congress split in 1907 at Surat session due to ideological differences between moderates and extremists.
- The moderates were led by Gopal Krishna Gokhale and the extremists were led by Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Lala Lajpat Rai, and Bipin Chandra Pal.

Different Approaches:

- The moderates supported the resolutions on Swaraj (self-rule), Swadeshi (boycott of foreign goods), and Boycott of foreign goods as proposed by extremists but differed in the approach to implement these ideas.
- Moderates believed in constitutional methods and believed in gradual reform while extremists believed in more radical methods and direct action.

Presidential Candidate:

- In the Surat session, extremists wanted Lala Lajpat Rai or Bal Gangadhar Tilak as the presidential candidate of Congress.
- Moderates supported Dr. Rashbihari Ghosh, a moderate leader from Bengal, as the presidential candidate.

Correct option:

- Option B is correct as statement 2 is true and statement 1 is not completely correct. While moderates supported the resolutions proposed by extremists, they differed in their approach to implement these ideas.

It was decided to limit the Swadeshi and Boycott movement to the Bengal region only.

Lord Lytton to strengthen the financial power took many steps like

• encourage the provinces in collecting the revenue.
• Abolished many import duty and supported free trade policy for the British.
• He also introduced the Statutory Civil Service exclusively for Indians, which was later abolished.

Non-Cooperation Movement

Introduction:
Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle, launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress in 1920. It aimed at achieving Swaraj or self-rule and complete independence from British rule through non-violent means.

Statement Analysis:
1. People from the middle classes led the movement at the beginning, but later they showed a lot of reservations about Gandhi's programme:
- This statement is correct.
- The middle-class people initially supported the Non-Cooperation Movement, but later they showed reservations as the movement became more radical and turned towards boycotting British goods and institutions, which affected their livelihood.
- Some leaders from the middle class also disagreed with Gandhi's decision to call off the movement after the Chauri Chaura incident.

2. In places like Calcutta, Bombay and Madras, the response to Gandhi's call was huge:
- This statement is incorrect.
- The response to the Non-Cooperation Movement was not uniform throughout the country.
- In some regions, like Bengal and Punjab, the response was massive, while in others, like Madras, the response was lukewarm.
- However, the movement did manage to mobilize people from different sections of society, including peasants, workers, and students.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, option A, i.e., "1 Only" is the correct answer. The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant phase in India's freedom struggle, but it faced some challenges, including reservations from the middle class and uneven response from different regions of the country. Nevertheless, the movement played a crucial role in shaping India's struggle for independence and inspired many other anti-colonial movements across the world.

• In December, 1927 a large number of Muslim leaders had met at Delhi at the Muslim League session and evolved four proposals for Muslim demands to be incorporated in the draft Constitution.
• These proposals which were accepted by the Madras session of the Congress, 1927 came to be known as 'Delhi Proposals'.
• These were:
  • Joint electorate in place of separate electorates with reserved seats for muslims.
  • Representation to muslims in Bengal and Punjab in proportion to thier population.
  • Formation of three Muslim majority provinces- Sindh, Baluchistan, North-West Frontier province.
  • One third represtation to Muslims in Central legislative assembly.

The correct answer is option 'C' - 1 and 3 Only.

Explanation:

1. Absence of anti-Zamindar violence:
- The Quit India Movement, also known as the August Movement, was a mass civil disobedience movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi on 8th August 1942.
- The movement aimed at demanding an end to British colonial rule in India.
- Unlike previous movements like the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Civil Disobedience Movement, the Quit India Movement did not witness widespread anti-Zamindar violence.
- This is in contrast to the previous movements where there were instances of attacks on landlords and zamindars.
- The Quit India Movement focused more on non-violent protests, strikes, and non-cooperation with the British government.

2. Lower level of government officials maintained government loyalty:
- During the Quit India Movement, there were instances where lower-level government officials maintained their loyalty to the British government.
- This was mainly because many of these officials were from lower-income backgrounds and relied on their jobs for their livelihood.
- Moreover, the British government had a strong hold on the administrative machinery, and many officials feared losing their jobs or facing consequences if they joined the movement.
- However, it is important to note that there were also instances where government officials, including police and administrative staff, actively participated in the Quit India Movement, defying the government's orders.

3. Low key response from the Muslim League:
- The Muslim League, which represented the interests of the Muslims in India, initially had reservations about the Quit India Movement.
- They were concerned that the movement would lead to anarchy and Hindu domination in an independent India.
- However, as the movement gained momentum and the British government cracked down on the leaders of the Indian National Congress, the Muslim League gradually extended its support to the movement.
- While the response from the Muslim League was not as active or enthusiastic as that of the Indian National Congress, they did join the movement in certain regions and played a role in the anti-British struggle.

In conclusion, during the Quit India Movement, there was a relative absence of anti-Zamindar violence, and the Muslim League initially showed a low-key response but eventually extended its support. However, lower-level government officials generally maintained their loyalty to the British government. Therefore, option 'C' - 1 and 3 Only, is the correct answer.

Salient features of this act were as follows:

• Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
• Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
• The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences other than a violent one.
• The Government would release all persons undergoing sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.
• Manufacture of salt by Indians will be allowed.

The correct answer is option 'A' - only statement 1 is correct. Let's discuss each statement in detail:

1. Jinnah objected to C Rajagopalachari formula because he wanted the Congress to accept the two Nation theory

This statement is correct. C Rajagopalachari, also known as Rajaji, proposed a formula in 1944 which aimed to resolve the political deadlock between the Congress and the Muslim League. The formula suggested that the Congress should agree to the Muslim League's demand for the creation of a separate Muslim-majority state, provided that the Muslim-majority provinces of Punjab, Bengal, and Sindh voted for it in a referendum.

However, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, objected to this formula. Jinnah believed in the Two-Nation Theory, which argued that Hindus and Muslims were separate nations and could not live together in a united India. Jinnah wanted the Congress to accept the Two-Nation Theory and agree to the creation of a separate Muslim state without any conditions. Since the Rajagopalachari formula did not fully address Jinnah's demand, he rejected it.

2. Hindu leaders led by Veer Savarkar cooperated with C Rajagopalachari to prepare his formula

This statement is incorrect. There is no historical evidence to suggest that Hindu leaders, led by Veer Savarkar or anyone else, cooperated with C Rajagopalachari to prepare his formula. It is important to note that Veer Savarkar was a prominent Hindu nationalist leader who advocated for the concept of Hindutva, which aimed to define Indian culture in Hindu terms. Savarkar did not have a favorable view of the Muslim League's demand for a separate Muslim state and did not actively cooperate with Rajagopalachari in formulating his formula.

In summary, statement 1 is correct as Jinnah objected to the Rajagopalachari formula due to his insistence on the acceptance of the Two-Nation Theory. Statement 2 is incorrect as there is no evidence of Hindu leaders, including Veer Savarkar, cooperating with Rajagopalachari in preparing his formula. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - only statement 1 is correct.

Muslim participation in NWFP saw overwhelming participation. Merchants and commercial bodies were very enthusiastic.

Understanding the Non-Cooperation Movement
The Non-Cooperation Movement was a significant episode in India’s struggle for independence. Two key statements regarding this movement are presented, and both are indeed correct.
1. M.K. Gandhi's Manifesto
- In March 1920, Mahatma Gandhi issued a manifesto outlining the principles of the Non-Cooperation Movement.
- This manifesto emphasized the doctrine of nonviolence and called upon Indians to withdraw from British institutions and resist British rule peacefully.
- Gandhi's approach was revolutionary in promoting nonviolent resistance as a fundamental strategy in the freedom struggle.
2. C.R. Das and the Nagpur Session
- During the Indian National Congress's annual session in Nagpur in December 1920, C.R. Das played a crucial role.
- He moved the resolution for the Non-Cooperation Movement, which was a pivotal moment in the Congress's history.
- The resolution received widespread support and marked a shift towards mass mobilization against British rule.
Conclusion
Both statements are accurate, establishing the foundational elements of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Gandhi’s advocacy for nonviolence and C.R. Das’s resolution were integral to the movement's launch. Thus, the correct answer is option 'C', confirming the validity of both assertions.
This pivotal movement laid the groundwork for further resistance against colonial rule, demonstrating the power of collective action and nonviolent protest in India's quest for independence.

Introduction to Dadabhai Naoroji's Declaration
In the history of the Indian National Congress, the declaration made by Dadabhai Naoroji at the Calcutta session in 1906 marked a significant turning point.
Calcutta Session (1906)
- Historical Context: This session was held from December 26, 1906, to January 1, 1907. It was a crucial period in the Indian freedom struggle.
- Naoroji's Speech: Dadabhai Naoroji, one of the founding members and a prominent leader, emphasized the need for self-government or Swaraj. His declaration set a clear objective for the Congress.
Importance of the Declaration
- Vision for India: By advocating for Swaraj, Naoroji articulated the aspirations of Indians for self-rule, which resonated deeply with the populace.
- Shift in Focus: This was a shift from merely demanding reforms within the British administration to seeking complete self-governance, laying the groundwork for future movements.
Subsequent Sessions and Impact
- Building Momentum: The Calcutta session's emphasis on Swaraj influenced subsequent sessions, including the Lucknow Session in 1916 and the Lahore Session in 1929, where the demand for self-rule intensified.
- Legacy: Naoroji's vision continued to inspire leaders and activists in the struggle for independence, making it a pivotal moment in the history of Indian nationalism.
In conclusion, Dadabhai Naoroji's declaration at the Calcutta session of the Indian National Congress in 1906 was a defining moment in the push for Swaraj, shaping the future trajectory of the Indian independence movement.

Background:
The Congress Ministries, formed during the 1937 provincial elections in British India, implemented several agrarian reforms. These reforms aimed to improve the condition of farmers and agricultural laborers by providing them with better rights, security, and access to resources. However, the effectiveness and impact of these reforms varied in different regions.

Statement 1: Congress Ministries had adequate financial resources, but Ministries did not have adequate powers.
This statement is correct. The Congress Ministries had access to adequate financial resources, as they controlled the provincial governments and had the power to allocate funds for agrarian reforms. However, they faced limitations in their powers as the central government and the British administration still held significant control over key policy decisions and implementation.

The limited powers of the Congress Ministries hindered their ability to fully implement comprehensive agrarian reforms. They often faced opposition and interference from the British administration, which restricted the scope and effectiveness of their initiatives.

Statement 2: Agricultural laborers did not benefit as they had not to be mobilized.
This statement is correct. Agricultural laborers, who were among the most marginalized sections of rural society, did not benefit significantly from the agrarian reforms implemented by the Congress Ministries. These laborers were mostly landless and worked on the farms of others, facing exploitative conditions and low wages.

The Congress Ministries failed to adequately mobilize agricultural laborers and address their specific needs. The reforms mainly focused on providing rights and benefits to the land-owning farmers, neglecting the plight of agricultural laborers. As a result, the reforms did not bring significant improvements in the livelihoods and living conditions of agricultural laborers.

Statement 3: Most of the benefits went to statutory and Occupancy tenants while Sub-tenants did not gain much.
This statement is correct. The agrarian reforms introduced by the Congress Ministries primarily aimed to protect the rights of statutory and occupancy tenants, who had more secure rights to the land they cultivated. These tenants had legal recognition and were entitled to various benefits, such as protection against eviction and fair rents.

On the other hand, sub-tenants, who cultivated land under the tenancy of statutory and occupancy tenants, did not receive similar benefits. The reforms did not adequately address the concerns of sub-tenants, who often faced insecurity and exploitation. Consequently, sub-tenants did not gain as much from the agrarian reforms as statutory and occupancy tenants.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the correct statements about the agrarian reforms implemented by the Congress Ministries are:
- Congress Ministries had adequate financial resources, but Ministries did not have adequate powers.
- Agricultural laborers did not benefit significantly as they had not been mobilized.
- Most of the benefits went to statutory and occupancy tenants, while sub-tenants did not gain much.

Arrangement of Events Chronologically

Introduction:
The question requires us to arrange three events in chronological order. The events are Congress launches Individual Satyagraha, Pakistan resolution passed at Lahore session, and Japan reaches Rangoon after having overrun almost the whole of South-East Asia.

1. Japan reaches Rangoon after having overrun almost the whole of South-East Asia:
This event took place in March 1942. Japan had been advancing in South-East Asia since December 1941, and by March 1942, they had almost overrun the entire region. They had captured Singapore, Hong Kong, the Philippines, and other territories.

2. Congress launches Individual Satyagraha:
This event took place on August 17, 1940. The Individual Satyagraha was a movement launched by the Indian National Congress to protest against the British Government's oppression in India. It was a limited movement, and only a select few individuals were chosen to participate in it.

3. Pakistan resolution passed at Lahore session:
This event took place on March 23, 1940. The Lahore session of the All India Muslim League passed the Pakistan resolution, which called for the creation of a separate Muslim state in the subcontinent. This resolution was a significant milestone in the demand for Pakistan.

Conclusion:
Therefore, the events arranged chronologically are 2-1-3, which means that Congress launches Individual Satyagraha took place before the Pakistan resolution passed at Lahore session, and both these events took place before Japan reaches Rangoon after having overrun almost the whole of South-East Asia.

The correct answer is option 'B', i.e., statement 2 only. Let's discuss each statement in detail:

1. Champaran and Saran in Bihar were the last two districts to start the salt satyagraha:
This statement is incorrect. Champaran and Saran were not the last two districts to start the salt satyagraha. The salt satyagraha was a part of the larger Civil Disobedience Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi against the British colonial rule in India. It aimed to protest against the British salt monopoly and the imposition of salt tax. The movement started with the Dandi March on 12th March 1930, when Mahatma Gandhi and his followers marched from Sabarmati Ashram to Dandi, Gujarat, to make salt from seawater in violation of the salt laws. The movement spread throughout the country, with people producing salt in various regions.

2. In landlocked Bihar, manufacture of salt on a large scale was not practicable, and at most places, it was a mere gesture:
This statement is correct. Bihar is a landlocked state, which means it does not have direct access to the sea. As a result, the manufacture of salt on a large scale was not feasible in Bihar. While there were salt pans and salt springs in Bihar, they were not sufficient to meet the salt requirements of the entire population. Therefore, the production of salt in Bihar during the salt satyagraha was more symbolic and served as a gesture of defiance against the British salt monopoly. The focus of the salt satyagraha in Bihar was more on spreading awareness and mobilizing people rather than actual large-scale production of salt.

In conclusion, statement 1 is incorrect as Champaran and Saran were not the last two districts to start the salt satyagraha. Statement 2 is correct as the manufacture of salt on a large scale was not practicable in landlocked Bihar, and at most places, it was a mere gesture.

1. The Hindu Mahasabha and the Liberals were against the right of states to secede
The statement is correct. The Hindu Mahasabha, a Hindu nationalist political party, and the Liberals, who believed in a united India, were indeed against the right of states to secede. They supported the idea of a united India and opposed any partition.

2. The Sikhs objected because they thought any partition would leave Punjab in the hands of Pakistan
The statement is also correct. The Sikhs were concerned that if India were to be partitioned, Punjab would be divided between India and Pakistan, leaving them as a minority in either country. They feared for their safety and rights in such a scenario.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D', as both statements are accurate in reflecting the positions of the Hindu Mahasabha, Liberals, and Sikhs during the discussions on the partition of India.

The Correct answer is option 'D' i.e. neither of them.

Explanation:

The given statements are incorrect. The correct statements are:

1. The moderates wanted to use constitutional methods to achieve their goals and did not support the Swadeshi movement as it involved boycott of British goods and institutions.
2. The extremists, on the other hand, wanted to use direct revolutionary methods to overthrow the British rule and did not limit their actions to Bengal alone.

Therefore, both the given statements are incorrect.

The correct answer is B

Gandhi’s arrest came on May 4, 1930, when he had announced that he would lead a raid on Dharasana Salt Works on the west coast. Massive protests followed Gandhi’s arrest in Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta, and Sholapur, where the response was the most fierce. After Gandhi’s arrest, the CWC sanctioned:

• non-payment of revenue in ryotwari areas;
• a no-chowkidari-tax campaign in zamindari areas; and
• violation of forest laws in the Central Provinces.

Explanation:




1. Goodwill between Labour and Capital:
- The first statement is correct as efforts were indeed made to create goodwill between labour and capital with the mediation of ministries during the period in question.
- The government aimed to improve the relationship between workers and employers to create a harmonious working environment.
- This was important to ensure industrial peace and boost productivity in the country.

2. Treatment of Trade Union Protests:
- The second statement is also correct as the ministries did treat militant trade union protests as law-and-order problems.
- However, they also acted as mediators to resolve conflicts between the workers and the management whenever possible.
- This approach helped in preventing escalation of issues and maintained stability in the industrial sector.

Therefore, both statements are correct as they highlight the dual role played by the ministries in managing labour-capital relations during the period under consideration.

The correct answer is option 'A': 1 only.

Explanation:

During the Swadeshi movement and the freedom struggle in India, the use of Khadi played a significant role. However, the statements provided in the question are not entirely accurate. Let's examine each statement individually to understand the nuances.

1. During the Swadeshi movement, the change of fabric to Khadi appealed largely to the upper castes and classes rather than the poor.

- This statement is partially correct. While it is true that the Swadeshi movement saw a significant promotion of Khadi, it did not solely appeal to the upper castes and classes. In fact, Khadi became a symbol of resistance against British rule and was embraced by people across different social and economic backgrounds. It was not limited to the upper castes or classes but had a broader appeal.

2. The use of Khadi appealed to the masses, and even after the Swadeshi movement, Khadi was used by both the upper and lower classes of people.

- This statement is incorrect. While it is true that Khadi appealed to the masses during the Swadeshi movement, its popularity declined after independence. After the Swadeshi movement, there was a shift towards modern industrial textiles, which became more accessible and affordable for the masses. The use of Khadi gradually decreased, and it became more associated with a niche market, including certain sections of the upper classes.

In conclusion, while the first statement partially captures the broader appeal of Khadi during the Swadeshi movement, the second statement is not accurate as Khadi's popularity declined after the movement. Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A': 1 only.

Reduction of military expenditure and civil service salaries:
- Mahatma Gandhi demanded a reduction in military expenditure as he believed that the resources could be better utilized for the welfare of the people.
- He also called for a decrease in civil service salaries to cut down on unnecessary expenses and promote equality among the citizens.

Changes in the Arms Act:
- Gandhi sought changes in the Arms Act to limit the possession of arms and ammunition, as he believed in non-violence and wanted to prevent any potential violence or armed uprisings.

Abolition of salt tax:
- One of the most famous demands of Mahatma Gandhi was the abolition of the salt tax. He believed that salt was a basic necessity and should be freely available to all citizens without any tax.
Therefore, out of the given options, the correct answer is option 'A' which includes demands 1, 3, and 4. These demands were part of the eleven demands put forward by Mahatma Gandhi before the launch of the Civil Disobedience Movement in India.

Understanding the Statements
The statements provided relate to Jawaharlal Nehru's political ideology and his approach toward social and economic reforms during the Indian independence movement.
Statement 1: Vested Interests and Economic Demands
- Nehru indeed advocated for revising the interests of the elite in favor of the masses.
- His vision included addressing the economic and class demands of peasants and workers.
- Nehru believed that a new India should prioritize the needs of the marginalized to create a more equitable society.
Statement 2: Opposition to Landlords and Capitalists
- While Nehru was critical of the feudal system and the exploitation by landlords, he did not outright oppose the affiliation of capitalists with the Congress.
- Nehru understood the complexities of economic development and recognized the role of industrialists and capitalists in nation-building.
- He aimed to reform the capitalist structure rather than completely exclude capitalists from Congress.
Conclusion
- Based on this analysis, only the first statement is accurate as it reflects Nehru’s commitment to the masses.
- The second statement is misleading since Nehru did not wholly reject the involvement of capitalists or landlords in the Congress party.
Thus, the correct answer is option A: 1 Only.

• Boycott of government schools and colleges
• Boycott of law courts and dispensation of justice through panchayats instead.
• Boycott of legislative councils; (there were some differences over this as some leaders like C.R. Das were not willing to include a boycott of councils, but bowed to Congress discipline
• These leaders boycotted elections held in November 1920, and the majority of the voters too stayed away)
• Boycott of foreign cloth and use of khadi instead; hand-spinning to be done; renouncing government honours and titles; the second phase could include mass civil disobedience, including resignation from government service and non-payment of taxes.
• Statement 2 is not correct: The program included the boycott of law courts but did not specifically mention panchayats.