All questions of Indian Society for Humanities/Arts Exam

Stage of Low Population Growth in a Developed Society

The stage of low population growth in a developed society refers to a demographic transition model that describes the changes in population growth rates as countries go through economic and social development. This stage is characterized by low birth and death rates, resulting in a stable population.

Key Features:

1. Reduced Birth Rates: In this stage, birth rates are significantly lower than in previous stages due to increased access to education, family planning, and economic opportunities.

2. Reduced Death Rates: Death rates also decline due to improved healthcare, sanitation, and nutrition.

3. Stable Population: With low birth and death rates, the population remains relatively stable.

4. Aging Population: Due to low birth rates, the population tends to be older, and there may be concerns about a shrinking workforce.

5. Economic Changes: In this stage, the economy tends to shift from being primarily agricultural to being more industrial and service-oriented.

Stage Number:

The stage of low population growth in a developed society is the third stage in the demographic transition model, which is a theoretical framework that explains the changes in population growth rates over time.

Conclusion:

In summary, the stage of low population growth in a developed society is characterized by reduced birth and death rates, a stable population, and an aging population. It is the third stage in the demographic transition model and is associated with economic and social development.

The state with the lowest child sex ratio is Haryana. The child sex ratio is the number of girls per 1000 boys in the age group of 0-6 years. In Haryana, the child sex ratio has been declining over the years and currently stands at 834 as per the 2011 Census.

Reasons for low child sex ratio in Haryana:

1. Patriarchal society: Haryana has a deeply rooted patriarchal society where male child is preferred over a female child. This can be attributed to the age-old belief that the male child is responsible for carrying the family name and also for performing the last rites of the parents.

2. High prevalence of female foeticide: Despite the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994, which prohibits the use of sex determination techniques, female foeticide is still prevalent in Haryana.

3. Preference for son: The preference for a son is so high in Haryana that families often resort to illegal means to ensure the birth of a male child. This includes sex-selective abortions, infanticide, and neglect of female children.

4. Low status of women: Women in Haryana have a low status in society and are often subjected to discrimination and violence. This leads to a lack of access to education and healthcare, which further perpetuates the problem of low child sex ratio.

Steps taken by the government to improve child sex ratio:

1. Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao: This is a flagship programme of the Government of India launched in 2015, which aims to address the issue of declining child sex ratio and empower girls through education.

2. Strict implementation of PCPNDT Act: The government has taken steps to curb the practice of female foeticide by strictly enforcing the Pre-Conception and Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Prohibition of Sex Selection) Act, 1994.

3. Awareness campaigns: The government has launched various awareness campaigns to sensitize people about the importance of the girl child and the need to eliminate discrimination against women.

In conclusion, Haryana has the lowest child sex ratio in India, which can be attributed to the deeply ingrained patriarchal mindset, the high prevalence of female foeticide, and the low status of women in society. The government has taken steps to address this issue, but a collective effort is required from all sections of society to eliminate discrimination against women and ensure that every child, irrespective of gender, is given an equal opportunity to thrive.

Marriage System Allowed by Caste System

The caste system is a hierarchical social structure prevalent in India, which divides people into different castes based on their birth. The caste system has its own rules and regulations for marriage, and it allows for certain marriage systems while prohibiting others. Let's take a look at the marriage systems allowed by the caste system:

Endogamous Marriage System

The endogamous marriage system is a type of marriage in which individuals are expected to marry within their own caste or sub-caste. In other words, people are not allowed to marry outside their own caste. The caste system allows for endogamous marriages, and it is the most common type of marriage in India. The endogamous marriage system is prevalent in all castes, and it is considered an important practice to maintain the purity of the caste.

Exogamous Marriage System

The exogamous marriage system is a type of marriage in which individuals are allowed to marry outside their caste or sub-caste. The caste system prohibits exogamous marriages, and it is not considered an acceptable practice. However, some castes have their own rules and regulations regarding exogamous marriages. For example, the Kshatriya caste allows for exogamous marriages, but the bride must belong to a higher caste than the groom.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the caste system allows for endogamous marriages but prohibits exogamous marriages. The endogamous marriage system is the most common type of marriage in India, and it is practiced in all castes. However, some castes have their own rules and regulations regarding exogamous marriages.

A six

Positive Inclination of Tribes towards Hinduism

Introduction:
Tribes are indigenous communities that have their unique cultural identity, language, and customs. They are the original inhabitants of a particular region and have a deep connection with the land, forests, and natural resources. Many tribes in India are inclined towards Hinduism due to various reasons.

Cultural Influence:
Hinduism has a significant cultural influence on the tribal communities of India. Many tribal beliefs and practices are similar to Hinduism, such as the worship of nature, ancestor worship, and the belief in various deities. The tribes have adopted many Hindu rituals and customs, such as the use of vermilion, turmeric, and the sacred thread.

Social Acceptance:
Tribes have found social acceptance in Hinduism. Many tribes have been assimilated into the Hindu caste system and have been given a higher social status. They have also been given access to education and employment opportunities, which were previously denied to them.

Religious Tolerance:
Hinduism is a religion that promotes religious tolerance and acceptance of other faiths. Many tribes have found it easier to practice their traditional beliefs and practices alongside Hinduism. They have also been able to participate in various Hindu festivals and have been accepted as part of the larger Hindu community.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, many tribes in India are positively inclined towards Hinduism due to its cultural influence, social acceptance, and religious tolerance. Hinduism has allowed the tribes to preserve their traditional beliefs and practices while also assimilating into the larger Hindu community.

The correct answer is A) Colonialism.

Explanation:

Colonialism refers to the establishment and maintenance of political, economic, and social control by one country over another. It involves the settlement of people from the colonizing country in the colonized territory, with the aim of exploiting its resources and asserting dominance over its indigenous population.

Colonialism typically involves a powerful nation extending its influence and control over a weaker nation or territory, often through military force or economic coercion. The colonizing country establishes political and legal institutions, implements its own laws and regulations, and imposes its cultural and social norms on the colonized population.

To understand why colonialism is the correct answer, let's briefly explore the other options:

B) Feudalism: Feudalism is a medieval social and economic system characterized by a hierarchical structure of lords and vassals, in which land is exchanged for military service and loyalty. While feudalism does involve a form of control by one group over another, it primarily pertains to the relationship between lords and vassals within a single country, rather than the establishment of rule by one country over another.

C) Nationalism: Nationalism is the belief in the inherent value and importance of one's own nation, often accompanied by a desire for self-determination and independence. While nationalism can lead to the establishment of independent states, it does not necessarily involve the subjugation of one country by another.

D) Imperialism: Imperialism refers to the policy or ideology of extending a nation's power and influence over other countries, often through colonization or military force. While imperialism shares some similarities with colonialism, it is a broader concept that encompasses various forms of domination and control, including economic, political, and cultural influence, whereas colonialism specifically refers to the establishment of direct rule by one country over another.

In conclusion, colonialism is the most accurate term to describe the establishment of rule by one country over another, as it specifically refers to the process of colonization and the direct exercise of political, economic, and social control by a colonizing nation.

The first and the third options are examples of the resilience of the caste system. Emergence of caste-based political parties in the 1980s is an example of political changes. Growth of private modern industry opened new job opportunities that where caste rules did not apply. At a different level, modern educated Indians attracted to the liberal ideas of individualism and meritocracy, began to abandon the more extreme caste practices.

Region, Ecological habitat, and Language as Permanent Traits of Tribes in India
Region:
- Tribes in India are often identified by the region they inhabit. They have distinct territories where they have lived for generations, maintaining their unique cultural practices and traditions.
Ecological habitat:
- Another permanent trait of tribes in India is their ecological habitat. Tribes have adapted to specific environmental conditions, such as forests, mountains, deserts, or plains, which have shaped their way of life and livelihood practices.
Language:
- Language is an important marker of tribal identity. Many tribes in India have their own distinct languages or dialects, which are passed down through generations. Language plays a crucial role in preserving tribal culture and heritage.
Mode of livelihood:
- Unlike region, ecological habitat, and language, the mode of livelihood is not necessarily a permanent trait of tribes in India. Tribes have historically engaged in various livelihood activities such as hunting, gathering, fishing, agriculture, or pastoralism, which can change over time due to factors like modernization, urbanization, or government policies.

Varna is a broad all-India aggregative classification, while jati is taken to be a regional or local sub-classification involving a much more complex system consisting of hundreds or even thousands of castes and subcastes.

Both (A) and (B) statements are true and contribute to the diversity in the OBC category.

Dalits unlike Adivasis are not concentrated in particular regions across India.

The correct answer is option D) 1952.

In 1947, India gained independence from British rule and faced numerous challenges, including a rapidly growing population. To address this issue, India became the first country to officially announce a population policy in 1952.

Here is a detailed explanation of India's population policy and its significance:

1. Background:
- India's population was rapidly increasing, posing a significant challenge for the newly independent country.
- The need for a population policy was recognized due to the strain on resources, healthcare, education, and overall development.

2. The establishment of the population policy:
- In 1949, the Family Planning Association of India (FPAI) was formed as a non-governmental organization to promote family planning and population control.
- In 1952, the Government of India launched its first official population policy with the establishment of the Family Planning Program.
- The policy aimed to educate and encourage couples to have small families through the use of various contraceptive methods.

3. Objectives of the population policy:
- The primary objective was to stabilize India's population growth by promoting family planning and reducing the birth rate.
- It aimed to improve the overall health and well-being of families by spacing out pregnancies and ensuring access to maternal and child healthcare.
- The policy also focused on empowering women by providing them with knowledge and resources for reproductive choices.

4. Strategies and initiatives:
- The government implemented various strategies to achieve the population policy's objectives, including:
- Promoting the use of contraceptives and family planning methods through awareness campaigns and educational programs.
- Establishing family planning clinics and centers to provide accessible and affordable reproductive healthcare services.
- Training healthcare professionals, volunteers, and accredited social health activists (ASHAs) to disseminate information and provide counseling.
- Collaborating with international organizations and donors to enhance resources and technical support for family planning programs.

5. Impact and outcomes:
- Over the years, India's population policy has had both successes and challenges.
- The policy has contributed to a decline in the total fertility rate, from an estimated 6 in the 1950s to around 2.2 in recent years.
- It has also led to increased awareness and acceptance of family planning methods and reproductive rights.
- However, challenges such as regional disparities, limited access to healthcare in rural areas, and cultural factors have affected the policy's implementation and outcomes.

In conclusion, India became the first country to announce an official population policy in 1952. This policy aimed to stabilize population growth, promote family planning, and improve the overall well-being of families. Despite challenges, the population policy has made significant contributions to promoting reproductive health and rights in India.

The sociological sense of minority also implies that the members of the minority form a collectivity – that is, they have a strong sense of group solidarity, a feeling of togetherness and belonging.

Understanding Caste in the Nationalist Movement
The question asks to identify the incorrect statement regarding caste issues within the nationalist movement in India. The provided options hint at various perspectives and initiatives regarding caste, particularly the untouchable castes or "depressed classes."
Analysis of Option D
- Option D states: "Efforts to organise the 'depressed classes' and particularly the untouchable castes began during the nationalist movement."
- This statement is misleading because while there were efforts to address caste issues during the nationalist movement, significant and organized efforts specifically targeting the "depressed classes" were not as prominent until later.
Context of Caste in Nationalism
- The nationalist movement primarily focused on achieving independence from colonial rule, which often overshadowed caste-based issues.
- Key leaders like B.R. Ambedkar emerged later in the struggle, advocating for the rights of the untouchables and highlighting caste discrimination more forcefully.
Correctly Identified Statements
- Options A, B, and C accurately reflect the nationalist movement's engagement with caste:
- Anti-untouchability programmes became significant: The Congress party did incorporate anti-untouchability agendas in its manifesto.
- Initiatives to organise “depressed classes”: There were efforts to unite various caste groups, but often these did not effectively prioritize the needs of the untouchables.
- View of caste as a social evil: Many nationalists viewed caste as a colonial tool used to create divisions among Indians.
Conclusion
Thus, the incorrect statement regarding the timing and nature of efforts to organize the "depressed classes" is Option D, as significant mobilization for their rights primarily gained momentum post-independence rather than being a central focus during the nationalist movement.

Explanation:

Anita Ghai
Anita Ghai is the one who argued that the invisibility of the disabled can be compared to the protagonist of the book ‘Invisible Man’ by Ralph Ellison.

Comparison to 'Invisible Man'
- Anita Ghai draws a parallel between the invisibility experienced by the disabled individuals in society and the protagonist of Ralph Ellison's book 'Invisible Man'.
- Just like the protagonist in the book who feels invisible and unheard in society, the disabled individuals often feel marginalized and overlooked.

Analogy to Social Construct
- Ghai's argument aligns with the idea that disability is not solely a result of individual biological impairments, but rather a social construct.
- Society's failure to accommodate diverse needs and provide equal opportunities to disabled individuals contributes to their disablement.

Implications of Social Construction
- The lack of accessibility in infrastructure, education, employment, and social interactions exacerbates the disablement experienced by individuals with disabilities.
- By recognizing disability as a social construct, efforts can be made to address systemic barriers and promote inclusivity for all members of society.

Surat, a city in the Indian state of Gujarat, experienced a small outbreak of plague in September 1994. The outbreak was contained and controlled through efforts by the local health authorities, and there have been no reported outbreaks of plague in Surat since then. Plague is a serious bacterial infection that is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. It is primarily transmitted through the bites of infected fleas, which are carried by rats and other small animals. Plague can also be transmitted through direct contact with infected bodily fluids or tissues. Plague symptoms can include fever, chills, weakness, and painful swelling of the lymph nodes. If left untreated, plague can be fatal.

Malthus Theory and its Challenge

Thomas Malthus, an English economist, put forward a theory in 1798 known as the Malthusian theory of population. According to him, population growth would always surpass the growth of resources, leading to famine, disease, and poverty. He argued that population growth occurs exponentially while the resources grow linearly, leading to a crisis that would eventually reduce the population.

However, in the 20th century, some economists challenged Malthus' theory, arguing that economic growth could outstrip population growth. They believed that technological advancements and innovation could lead to increased productivity and resource availability, which could sustain a growing population.

The Challenge to Malthus Theory

The challenge was based on the following arguments:

1. Technological Advancements: The economists argued that technological advancements could help increase productivity, leading to increased resource availability. For instance, the introduction of the Green Revolution led to the production of new crop varieties that increased crop yields, leading to food availability.

2. Innovation: The theorists believed that innovation could lead to the creation of new resources, which could help sustain a growing population. For instance, the development of renewable energy sources reduced the dependency on non-renewable energy sources, leading to increased resource availability.

3. Increased Education and Awareness: The economists argued that increased education and awareness could lead to better family planning, reducing population growth.

4. Economic Growth: The theorists believed that economic growth could lead to increased job opportunities and income, leading to improved living standards, reducing population growth.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Malthusian theory of population was challenged by the economists who believed that economic growth could outstrip population growth. They argued that technological advancements, innovation, increased education and awareness, and economic growth could help sustain a growing population.

Joseph Butler was an influential figure in moral philosophy during the 18th century. His writings had a significant impact on the moral philosophy syllabus of Bombay University in the 1860s.

Joseph Butler's Philosophy:
- Joseph Butler was an Anglican bishop and theologian, known for his ethical writings and moral philosophy.
- His main work, "The Analogy of Religion, Natural and Revealed, to the Constitution and Course of Nature," published in 1736, addressed the relationship between reason and faith.
- Butler argued that human nature and the natural world provide evidence for the existence of God and the truth of Christianity.
- He believed that moral principles are inherent in human nature and can be discovered through reason and reflection.

Butler's Influence on Bombay University:
- Bombay University, established in 1857, aimed to provide a comprehensive education that included a strong emphasis on moral philosophy.
- In the 1860s, Butler's writings dominated the moral philosophy syllabus at Bombay University.
- His ideas on moral philosophy were taught to students, and his works were studied and analyzed in depth.
- Butler's emphasis on the importance of reason and reflection in understanding moral principles resonated with the curriculum's focus on moral reasoning and ethical decision-making.
- His writings provided a framework for students to explore and develop their own moral philosophies.

Reasons for Dominance:
- Butler's writings were chosen for the syllabus due to their intellectual rigor, clarity, and relevance to the study of moral philosophy.
- His ideas were considered foundational and provided a solid basis for students to engage with ethical debates and dilemmas.
- Butler's emphasis on the role of reason and reflection in moral decision-making aligned with the broader educational goals of Bombay University, which aimed to cultivate critical thinking and intellectual development.

Conclusion:
In summary, Bishop Joseph Butler's writings, particularly his book "The Analogy of Religion," dominated the moral philosophy syllabus at Bombay University in the 1860s. His ideas on moral philosophy provided students with a framework for understanding and analyzing ethical issues, and his emphasis on reason and reflection resonated with the educational goals of the university.

Society Consisting of All Castes: A Hierarchical System

In a society consisting of all castes, the correct answer is option 'C', which is a hierarchical system. Let's explore why this answer is appropriate in detail.

Hierarchy in Caste System:
One of the defining characteristics of a society consisting of all castes is its hierarchical structure. The caste system is a social stratification system that categorizes individuals into different castes based on their birth, occupation, and social status. Each caste has its own set of rights, privileges, and obligations.

Caste Categories:
The caste system typically consists of four main castes, which are Brahmins (priests and scholars), Kshatriyas (warriors and rulers), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (laborers and servants). Additionally, there is the Dalit or Untouchable caste, which historically has been considered outside the four-fold caste system.

Hierarchy and Social Status:
Within this system, each caste holds a specific position in the social hierarchy. The Brahmins, as the highest caste, enjoy the most privileges and power, followed by the Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, and Shudras. Dalits, on the other hand, have historically been marginalized and discriminated against, often facing social exclusion and restricted access to resources and opportunities.

Restrictions and Social Mobility:
Social mobility within the caste system is limited, as individuals are born into a specific caste and remain in that caste for life. Movement between castes is generally not allowed, creating a rigid social structure. This lack of mobility reinforces the hierarchical nature of the system.

Preservation of Hierarchy:
The caste system is further maintained through various social, cultural, and religious practices. Endogamy, the practice of marrying within one's caste, helps preserve caste boundaries and hierarchy. Moreover, the system is supported by religious beliefs and norms, which attribute a person's caste to their karma and past lives.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, a society consisting of all castes operates under a hierarchical system. Castes are ranked and individuals' social status is determined by their birth and caste affiliation. This system restricts social mobility and reinforces the hierarchical structure through cultural and religious practices, perpetuating the inequalities and divisions within the society.

States like Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland have more than 60% and up to 95% of tribal population in terms of concentration. Assam is an only exception with less than 30% of tribal population.

Salient Demographic Features of India's Population

India is the second most populous country in the world with a population of over 1.3 billion people. Its demographic features play a vital role in shaping the country's economy, politics, and society. Some of the salient demographic features of India's population are:

Growth Rate of Population
- India's population has been growing at a rapid pace since independence, with the population doubling in size in just 40 years.
- The population growth rate has been declining over the years, but it still stands at around 1.05%, which is higher than many other countries.
- The high growth rate is primarily due to a high fertility rate, which is slowly decreasing but still remains higher than the replacement rate.

Uneven Distribution of Population
- India's population is unevenly distributed across the country, with some states and regions having much higher population densities than others.
- The northern and western parts of the country are more densely populated than the southern and eastern parts.
- The urban areas are also more densely populated than the rural areas, with some cities having population densities as high as 20,000 people per square kilometer.

Age Composition
- India has a young population, with around 65% of the population below the age of 35.
- The median age of the population is around 28 years, which is much lower than many other countries.
- However, the population is aging, with the proportion of elderly people increasing steadily over the years.

Conclusion
India's demographic features have both strengths and challenges. The young population can be a source of energy and innovation, but it also puts pressure on the country's resources and infrastructure. The uneven distribution of population can lead to regional disparities in development, while the high growth rate can strain the country's social and economic systems. Understanding these demographic features is crucial for policymakers and planners to address the challenges and leverage the strengths of India's population.