All questions of Indian Economy for Commerce Exam

10 years

Explanation:

Low productivity in the agriculture sector can be attributed to various factors. However, the most significant factor is the low level of technology used in farming practices. Here is a detailed explanation of how technology affects productivity in agriculture:

Impact of Low Level of Technology on Agriculture Productivity:

1. Inefficient Use of Resources: The use of outdated tools and equipment in agriculture results in an inefficient use of resources. This includes the inefficient use of water, fertilizers, and labor.

2. Poor Crop Management: Low levels of technology in agriculture result in poor crop management practices. This includes poor soil preparation, inadequate pest and disease management, and inefficient harvesting practices.

3. Low-Quality Seeds: The use of low-quality seeds in agriculture results in low yields, poor crop quality, and increased susceptibility to pests and diseases.

4. Limited Knowledge: Low levels of technology in agriculture result in limited knowledge of modern farming practices. This includes limited knowledge of crop management, soil fertility, and pest and disease management.

5. Limited Access to Information: Limited access to information on modern farming practices, crop varieties, and market information hinders farmers' ability to make informed decisions.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the low level of technology used in agricultural practices is the primary factor that hinders productivity in the agriculture sector. Therefore, there is a need for investment in modern technology, including modern farming practices, equipment, and information systems, to improve productivity in the agriculture sector.

Development of rural marketing relates to:
- Regulated market:
- The establishment of regulated markets in rural areas is crucial for the development of rural marketing.
- These markets provide a platform for farmers and rural sellers to sell their produce and products.
- They ensure fair pricing, quality control, and a transparent system for buying and selling agricultural products.
- Regulated markets also provide market information and facilitate the exchange of goods and services between rural producers and consumers.
- Storage:
- Adequate storage facilities are essential for the development of rural marketing.
- Proper storage facilities help in preventing post-harvest losses and ensuring the availability of agricultural products throughout the year.
- Storage facilities also enable farmers to store their produce and sell it at the most opportune time when prices are favorable.
- Cold storage facilities are particularly important for perishable agricultural products like fruits and vegetables.
- Transportation:
- Efficient transportation infrastructure is vital for the development of rural marketing.
- It enables the smooth movement of agricultural products from rural areas to urban markets.
- Good transportation networks reduce transportation costs, ensure timely delivery, and prevent spoilage of perishable goods.
- Improved connectivity through roads, railways, and other means of transportation enhances accessibility and market reach for rural producers.
- All of these:
- The development of rural marketing requires the integration of regulated markets, storage facilities, and efficient transportation.
- These factors work together to create a favorable environment for rural producers to sell their products and reach a wider consumer base.
- The combination of these elements leads to increased income generation, reduced wastage, and overall economic development in rural areas.
In conclusion, the development of rural marketing relates to regulated markets, storage facilities, and transportation. These factors play a vital role in facilitating the buying and selling of agricultural products, reducing post-harvest losses, and improving market access for rural producers.

Employers' preference for flexible workers

Introduction
With the increasing competition in the job market, employers are seeking to hire workers who can adapt to changing circumstances and be versatile in their roles. One of the key traits that employers look for in potential employees is flexibility.

Reasons for preferring flexible workers
Employers prefer flexible workers for several reasons, including:

1. Adaptability: Flexible workers are adaptable and can quickly learn new skills or take on new tasks. This is essential in today's fast-paced work environment where change is constant.

2. Cost-effective: Hiring flexible workers can be cost-effective for employers as they can be employed on a part-time or temporary basis. This saves the employer money on benefits and other expenses associated with full-time employees.

3. Increased productivity: Flexible workers are often highly motivated and can be more productive than full-time employees. This is because they are focused on completing specific tasks within a set timeframe.

4. Reduced risk: Employing flexible workers can help reduce the risk of over-staffing or under-staffing. This is because employers can adjust their workforce according to the demands of the business.

Types of flexible workers
There are several types of flexible workers that employers may prefer to hire, including:

1. Part-time workers: These workers are employed on a part-time basis and work fewer hours than full-time employees.

2. Temporary workers: These workers are employed for a specific period of time or until a specific project is completed.

3. Freelancers: These workers are self-employed and work on a project-by-project basis.

4. Remote workers: These workers work from home or another location outside of the office.

Conclusion
In conclusion, flexible workers are highly sought after by employers due to their adaptability, cost-effectiveness, increased productivity, and reduced risk. This trend is likely to continue as the job market becomes increasingly competitive and businesses look for ways to stay agile and adaptable.

Whereas, the jute textile industries, controlled by foreigners, were limited to the Eastern part (Bengal). Further, some other industries started coming up after the second world war for example- sugar, paper, cement, steel, and iron industry.

D

GDP is the final value of the goods and services produced within the geographic boundaries of a country during a specified period of time, normally a year. GDP growth rate is an important indicator of the economic performance of a country. 

Non farm enterprises are those which does not take part in agricultural activities.......or products.... so correct answer is d

Shift from Agriculture to Manufacturing to Services in China, India and Pakistan

China, India, and Pakistan have followed the classical development pattern of a gradual shift from agriculture to manufacturing and then to services. This can be explained in detail as follows:

Agriculture:
- All three countries have a strong agricultural base and have relied heavily on agriculture for their economy.
- Agriculture has been the main source of income for a large section of the population in all three countries.
- However, with the growth of the population, the agricultural sector has become overcrowded, leading to a decline in productivity and income.

Manufacturing:
- With the need to generate more income and provide employment opportunities, all three countries have shifted their focus from agriculture to manufacturing.
- Manufacturing has been the engine of economic growth in all three countries, with China leading the way as the world's largest manufacturing hub.
- India and Pakistan have also made significant progress in manufacturing, with both countries becoming major players in the global market.

Services:
- As the economies of all three countries have grown, they have also shifted their focus to the services sector.
- The services sector includes a wide range of activities such as IT, banking, tourism, healthcare, etc.
- In recent years, the services sector has emerged as the fastest-growing sector in all three countries, contributing significantly to their GDP.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, China, India, and Pakistan have followed the classical development pattern of a gradual shift from agriculture to manufacturing and then to services. This shift has been driven by the need to generate more income and provide employment opportunities for their growing population. While all three countries have made significant progress, there is still a long way to go in terms of achieving sustainable and inclusive growth.

The Suez Canal is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt the Mediterranean Sea through the Red Sea via the Gulf of Suez. Construction began in September 1859 and was completed in November of 1869, 10 and a half years later. The Suez Canal is around 190 km in length.

A systematic and modern population census, in its present form was conducted non synchronously between 1865 and 1872 in different parts of the country. This effort culminating in 1872 has been popularly labeled as the first population census of India However, the first synchronous census in India was held in 1881.

The first Factories Act was enacted in 1881. Background:Before the Factories Act was enacted, there were no laws regulating the working conditions in factories. Workers, including women and children, were often subjected to long working hours, hazardous working conditions, and low wages. The first Factories Act was enacted to address these issues and improve the working conditions in factories.Key provisions of the Factories Act, 1881:1. Working hours: The Act limited the working hours to 12 hours per day for adults and 6 hours per day for children.2. Safety measures: The Act required factories to take safety measures to prevent accidents and injuries to workers.3. Employment of women and children: The Act prohibited the employment of children under the age of 7 and limited the working hours of women and children.4. Health measures: The Act required factories to provide clean and safe drinking water, adequate ventilation, and other health measures for workers.5. Inspection: The Act provided for the appointment of inspectors to ensure that the factories were complying with the provisions of the Act.Impact of the Factories Act, 1881:The Factories Act, 1881 was a significant step towards improving the working conditions in factories. The Act helped in reducing the working hours, improving safety measures, and providing better health facilities for workers. It also helped in reducing the exploitation of children and women in factories. However, the Act had certain limitations, and it was replaced by the Factories Act, 1891, which further strengthened the provisions relating to working conditions in factories.

Economics activity

All three countries had started planning their development strategies in similar ways. While India announced its first Five Year Plan for 1951–56, Pakistan announced its first five year plan, now called the Medium Term Development Plan, in 1956. China announced its First Five Year Plan in 1953.

The correct answer for the question is option 'C', which states that the mass illiteracy rate at the time of India's independence was 0.83. Let's explore the context and significance of this answer in detail.

Context:
India gained independence from British rule on August 15, 1947. At the time of independence, the country faced numerous challenges, one of which was widespread illiteracy. Illiteracy refers to the inability to read and write, and it is a significant barrier to social and economic development. Overcoming illiteracy was a priority for the newly independent Indian government.

Explanation:
To understand the answer, it is essential to interpret the value of 0.83 in the given context. The value represents the illiteracy rate, expressed as a decimal fraction, at the time of India's independence. In other words, it signifies the proportion of the population that was unable to read and write.

At 0.83, the illiteracy rate indicates that approximately 83% of the population in India was illiterate at the time of independence. This suggests that the majority of the Indian population lacked basic education and literacy skills, posing a significant challenge for the nation's progress and development.

Significance:
The high illiteracy rate in India at the time of independence was a pressing concern for the new government. Addressing this issue was crucial for achieving social and economic development, as literacy plays a vital role in empowering individuals, reducing poverty, and promoting overall progress.

The Indian government recognized the importance of education and literacy in nation-building and initiated various measures to tackle illiteracy. These efforts included the establishment of schools, adult literacy programs, and initiatives to promote education in rural areas. Over time, these endeavors have significantly contributed to improving literacy rates in the country.

Today, India has made substantial progress in reducing illiteracy, with the literacy rate steadily increasing over the years. However, challenges still remain, particularly in remote and marginalized communities. The government continues to focus on expanding access to quality education and addressing the remaining pockets of illiteracy.

In conclusion, the illiteracy rate in India at the time of independence was approximately 0.83, indicating that around 83% of the population was illiterate. This underscores the significance of education and the efforts made by the Indian government to combat illiteracy and promote literacy as a crucial driver of development.

Gross National Product

Twelfth Five Year Plan

The Twelfth Five Year Plan was started in the year 2012 and lasted till 2017. It was the last five-year plan of India before the government replaced it with the Niti Aayog.

Objectives of the Twelfth Five Year Plan

The Twelfth Five Year Plan aimed to achieve the following objectives:

1. Inclusive growth: The plan aimed to achieve growth that would be inclusive, sustainable and equitable.

2. Reducing poverty: The plan aimed to reduce poverty by creating employment opportunities and increasing the income levels of the poor.

3. Infrastructure development: The plan aimed to develop infrastructure in the country, especially in the areas of power, transportation, and communication.

4. Health and education: The plan aimed to improve the health and education standards of the people in the country.

5. Environmental sustainability: The plan aimed to ensure environmental sustainability by promoting the use of clean energy and by conserving natural resources.

6. Gender equality: The plan aimed to empower women by promoting gender equality and by providing them with equal opportunities in education and employment.

7. Governance reforms: The plan aimed to promote good governance by reducing corruption and by ensuring transparency in the functioning of the government.

Conclusion

The Twelfth Five Year Plan was a comprehensive plan that aimed to achieve inclusive growth in the country. It focused on reducing poverty, developing infrastructure, improving health and education standards, promoting environmental sustainability, empowering women, and promoting good governance. Although the plan ended in 2017, its objectives continue to guide the government's policies and programs.

Per capita income (PCI) or average income measures the average income earned per person in a given area (city, region, country, etc.) in a specified year. It is calculated by dividing the area's total income by its total population.

Answer is C

Abiotic Elements

Abiotic elements are non-living components of an ecosystem that play a significant role in sustaining life. They are essential for the survival of organisms and are categorized into four main components - water, air, land, and minerals.

Water
Water is the most crucial abiotic element as it is essential for all living organisms. It is used for various purposes such as drinking, reproduction, metabolic processes, and transportation. It also regulates the temperature of the environment, and without it, life cannot survive.

Air
Air is another critical abiotic element that is necessary for life. It is composed of nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, and other gases that are essential for respiration. It also regulates the temperature, humidity, and atmospheric pressure of the environment.

Land
Land is a significant abiotic element that provides the foundation for ecosystems. It is home to various organisms, including plants, animals, and microorganisms. It also provides essential resources such as food, shelter, and minerals.

Minerals
Minerals are inorganic substances that are present in the soil and water. They are essential for the growth and development of organisms. They play a significant role in the formation of bones, teeth, and other tissues.

Plants
Plants are not considered abiotic elements as they are living organisms. They are, however, an essential component of ecosystems as they provide food, oxygen, and shelter for other organisms.

Conclusion
In conclusion, abiotic elements are non-living components of an ecosystem that are essential for the survival of living organisms. They include water, air, land, and minerals, but plants are not considered abiotic elements as they are living organisms.

-agricultural sectors.
b)increasing the variety of crops and livestock produced on a farm.
c)reducing the reliance on a single crop or livestock species.
d)expanding agricultural activities to include non-traditional or value-added products.
e)all of the above.

e) all of the above

Enhancing supplies