All questions of Chemistry in Everyday Life for JEE Exam

Aspirin (Acetyl salicylic acid) is a chemical substance which lowers body temperature and reduces pain as well. Therefore it acts both as analgesic and antipyretic.

Potassium salts of fatty acids should yield soft soaps because they are more soluble in water than the sodium salts of fatty acid. ... Adding a salt solution causes soap to precipitate because the salt reacts with the water that acts as a solvent for the organic molecule.

A broad-spectrum antibiotic acts against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, in contrast to a narrow-spectrum antibiotic, which is effective against specific families of bacteria. An example of a commonly used broad-spectrum antibiotic is ampicillin.

An enzyme inhibitor is a molecule that binds to an enzyme and decreases its activity. Since blocking an enzyme's activity can kill a pathogen or correct a metabolic imbalance, many drugs are enzyme inhibitors. They are also used in pesticides.

Neurotransmitters are often referred to as the body's chemical messengers. They are the molecules used by the nervous system to transmit messages between neurons, or from neurons to muscles. Communication between two neurons happens in the synaptic cleft (the small gap between the synapses of neurons).

Explanation:
Narcotics are drugs that are used to relieve pain, produce sleep, or suppress cough. They are also known as opiates or opioid analgesics. The drugs that fit in this category are Codein, Heroin, and Morphine.
Analgin, on the other hand, is not a narcotic. It is a non-opioid analgesic, which means it is a pain reliever that does not contain any opioids.
Analgin is also known as Metamizole, which is a pyrazolone derivative. It is used for the treatment of mild to moderate pain, fever, and inflammation.
So, option D - Analgin, does not fit the category of narcotics.

Colloidal soap is a type of colloid, which is a mixture in which one substance is dispersed evenly throughout another substance. In the case of colloidal soap, soap molecules are dispersed in water. Colloidal solutions are stable and do not separate over time.

Precipitation refers to the process of a solid forming from a solution. In the case of colloidal soap, precipitation occurs when the soap molecules come together and form solid particles. This causes the colloidal soap solution to become unstable and separate.

There are several methods to precipitate colloidal soap, but the correct answer is option 'A', which is adding sodium chloride. Let's understand why sodium chloride causes precipitation of colloidal soap.

Adding sodium chloride:
When sodium chloride is added to a colloidal soap solution, it disrupts the stability of the colloid by neutralizing the charges on the soap molecules. Soap molecules have polar heads (hydrophilic) and nonpolar tails (hydrophobic), which allow them to form micelles in water. The polar heads repel each other, preventing the soap molecules from coming together and forming solid particles.

However, when sodium chloride is added, it dissociates into sodium ions (Na+) and chloride ions (Cl-). The chloride ions can interact with the polar heads of the soap molecules and neutralize their charges. This reduces the repulsion between soap molecules and allows them to come closer together.

As the soap molecules come together, they can form aggregates or solid particles. These particles are no longer dispersed evenly throughout the solution and can be seen as a precipitate. The precipitate may appear as a cloudy or milky substance.

Other methods:
While adding sodium chloride is the correct answer for this specific question, it's important to note that other methods can also precipitate colloidal soap. These methods include:

- Cooling the colloidal soap solution: Lowering the temperature of the colloidal soap solution can cause the soap molecules to come together and form solid particles. This is because the decrease in temperature reduces the kinetic energy of the molecules, making them less likely to stay dispersed.

- Boiling the colloidal soap solution: Heating the colloidal soap solution can also cause precipitation. When the solution is heated, the soap molecules gain kinetic energy and move more rapidly. This increased motion can disrupt the stability of the colloid and cause the soap molecules to aggregate and form solid particles.

- Centrifuging the colloidal solution: Centrifugation is a process that involves spinning a mixture at high speeds. This can be used to separate the solid particles from the colloidal solution. By applying centrifugal force, the solid particles are forced to the bottom of the container, leaving behind a clear supernatant liquid.

In conclusion, while there are multiple methods to precipitate colloidal soap, adding sodium chloride is the correct answer for this specific question. Sodium chloride neutralizes the charges on soap molecules, allowing them to come together and form solid particles.

Antidepressant drugs are drugs that are used to treat depression and other mood disorders. They work by increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters in the brain, such as serotonin, dopamine, and noradrenaline.

Explanation:

- Noradrenaline is a neurotransmitter that is involved in the regulation of mood, arousal, and attention. It is synthesized and released by the sympathetic nervous system in response to stress or danger.
- Once it is released, noradrenaline is degraded by enzymes called monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT).
- Antidepressant drugs, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) and serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and noradrenaline, respectively. This leads to an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the synaptic cleft, which can help to alleviate symptoms of depression and other mood disorders.
- Another class of antidepressant drugs, called monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), inhibit the activity of monoamine oxidases, the enzymes that degrade noradrenaline and other neurotransmitters. This also leads to an increase in the levels of these neurotransmitters in the brain.
- By inhibiting the degradation of noradrenaline, antidepressant drugs can help to maintain higher levels of this neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft, which can improve mood, increase energy levels, and improve cognitive function.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C, antidepressant drugs.

Prevention of Scum Formation

Scum formation is the result of hard water reacting with soap or detergent. It is the insoluble residue that forms when soap reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water. Scum formation can cause damage to clothes, skin, and appliances. Therefore, it is important to prevent scum formation. The following methods can be used to prevent scum formation:

Using Detergents

One of the easiest ways to prevent scum formation is by using detergents instead of traditional soap. Detergents are designed to work in both hard and soft water. They contain special agents that prevent the formation of scum. Therefore, using detergents can help to prevent scum formation.

Using Water Softeners

Water softeners are devices that remove the calcium and magnesium ions from hard water. They work by exchanging the calcium and magnesium ions with sodium ions. The result is soft water that does not react with soap or detergent to form scum. Therefore, using water softeners can help to prevent scum formation.

Using Soft Water

Soft water is water that has had the calcium and magnesium ions removed. This can be achieved by using a water softener or by using rainwater. Soft water does not react with soap or detergent to form scum. Therefore, using soft water can help to prevent scum formation.

Conclusion

Scum formation can be prevented by using detergents, water softeners, or soft water. These methods work by preventing the calcium and magnesium ions from reacting with soap or detergent to form scum. Therefore, by using these methods, scum formation can be prevented, and damage to clothes, skin, and appliances can be avoided.

The correct answer is option 'C': Agonists.

Explanation:
- Drugs that mimic the natural messenger by switching on the receptor are called agonists.
- Agonists are substances that bind to and activate specific receptors in the body, producing a physiological response.
- They act by mimicking the natural messenger or ligand that would normally bind to the receptor and initiate a response.
- When an agonist binds to the receptor, it activates the receptor and triggers a series of biochemical events within the cell, leading to a specific physiological response.
- Agonists can be either endogenous (naturally occurring within the body) or exogenous (introduced from outside the body).
- Examples of endogenous agonists include neurotransmitters like dopamine, serotonin, and acetylcholine, which bind to and activate specific receptors in the brain and nervous system.
- Exogenous agonists include drugs such as morphine, which binds to opioid receptors in the brain, and adrenaline, which activates adrenergic receptors in the body.
- Agonists can have different levels of activity, ranging from full agonists that produce a maximal response to partial agonists that produce a submaximal response.
- The efficacy of an agonist refers to its ability to activate the receptor and produce a response, while potency refers to the concentration or dose required to produce a particular response.
- Agonists are commonly used in medicine to treat various conditions. For example, agonists that mimic the action of neurotransmitters can be used to treat Parkinson's disease (e.g., levodopa), while agonists that activate adrenergic receptors can be used to treat asthma (e.g., albuterol).
- It is important to note that agonists can also have side effects and potential risks, and their use should always be guided by a healthcare professional.

Making Soap Containing Sodium Salt

Heating NaOH with glyceryl ester of fatty acid results in the production of soap containing sodium salt.

Explanation:

- Soap is made by a process called saponification, where an alkali (such as NaOH) is reacted with a fat or oil to produce soap and glycerol.
- The glyceryl ester of fatty acid (also known as triglycerides) is a type of fat that is commonly used in soap making.
- When NaOH is added to the glyceryl ester of fatty acid, the ester bond in the fat is broken, releasing the fatty acids and glycerol.
- The sodium ions in the NaOH then react with the fatty acids to form sodium salts (i.e. soap).
- The glycerol, which is also produced during the reaction, can be further processed for use in other industries.

Therefore, option B is the correct answer as heating NaOH with glyceryl ester of fatty acid results in the production of soap containing sodium salt.

The first popular artificial sweetener is Saccharin.

Explanation:
Saccharin was discovered in 1879 by Constantine Fahlberg, who was a researcher at Johns Hopkins University. It was the first artificial sweetener to gain popularity and was widely used during World War I as sugar was rationed.

Some key points about Saccharin are:

- Saccharin is about 300 to 400 times sweeter than sugar.
- It is a non-nutritive sweetener, meaning it has no calories and does not affect blood sugar levels.
- In the 1970s, there was concern about the safety of saccharin as it was found to cause bladder cancer in laboratory rats. However, later studies showed that the way saccharin was metabolized in rats was different from humans and it was deemed safe for consumption by humans.
- Today, saccharin is still used as an artificial sweetener in many products such as soft drinks, tabletop sweeteners, and baked goods.

Other artificial sweeteners that have gained popularity over the years include:

- Aspartame: discovered in 1965, it is commonly used in diet sodas and sugar-free gum.
- Sucralose: discovered in 1976, it is commonly used in tabletop sweeteners and processed foods.
- Alitame: discovered in 1987, it is commonly used in baked goods and dairy products.

Neurologically active drugs are commonly classified as tranquilisers and analgesics. A tranquiliser is a drug that acts on the central nervous system and is used to calm, lessen hypertension, subside depression (or) put a person to sleep.

A

Pickling is a method of preserving food in an edible, antimicrobial liquid.In chemical pickling, the food is placed in an edible liquid that inhibits or kills bacteria and other microorganisms. Typical pickling agents include brine (high in salt), vinegar, alcohol, and vegetable oil.

Antioxidants are added to food for preservation.

Preservation of Food:
One of the primary reasons antioxidants are added to food is to preserve it. Antioxidants are substances that can inhibit or delay the oxidation of food components, which helps to prevent spoilage and extend the shelf life of the food. Oxidation is a chemical reaction that occurs when food is exposed to oxygen, resulting in the breakdown of nutrients, the development of off-flavors, and the growth of spoilage microorganisms.

Preventing Oxidation:
Antioxidants work by preventing or slowing down oxidation reactions. They donate electrons or hydrogen atoms to free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can cause damage to cells and tissues. By neutralizing these free radicals, antioxidants help to prevent the oxidation of food components such as fats, oils, vitamins, and pigments.

Types of Antioxidants:
There are various types of antioxidants used in food preservation. Some examples include:

1. Vitamin C (ascorbic acid): It is a water-soluble antioxidant that can prevent the oxidation of fats and oils in food.
2. Vitamin E (tocopherols): It is a fat-soluble antioxidant that can protect against lipid oxidation in products containing fats and oils.
3. Polyphenols: These are a group of antioxidants found in fruits, vegetables, and other plant-based foods. They can inhibit the oxidation of various food components.
4. Carotenoids: These are pigments found in many fruits and vegetables, such as carrots and tomatoes. They have antioxidant properties that help to preserve the color and flavor of food.

Benefits of Antioxidants in Food Preservation:
By preventing oxidation, antioxidants offer several benefits in food preservation:

1. Extended Shelf Life: Antioxidants help to slow down the deterioration of food, thereby extending its shelf life and reducing food waste.
2. Maintaining Nutritional Value: Oxidation can lead to the degradation of essential nutrients in food. Antioxidants help to preserve the nutritional value of food by preventing the loss of vitamins and other beneficial compounds.
3. Retention of Flavor and Color: Antioxidants help to preserve the natural flavor and color of food by preventing the formation of off-flavors and the degradation of pigments.

Overall, antioxidants play a crucial role in food preservation by preventing oxidation and maintaining the quality of food products.

Artificial sweetening agents are substances used as a replacement for sugar to add sweetness to food and beverages. These agents are used by people who are trying to reduce their sugar intake or who have medical conditions such as diabetes.

The correct option among the given choices is (d) Saccharin. Saccharin is a non-nutritive sweetener that is commonly used as an artificial sweetener. It is about 300-400 times sweeter than sugar and is often used in diet sodas, tabletop sweeteners, and other low-calorie products.

Saccharin is a white crystalline powder that is derived from coal tar. It was first discovered in 1879 by a chemist named Constantin Fahlberg. It was later popularized as a sweetener during World War I when sugar was rationed.

Some other commonly used artificial sweeteners include aspartame, sucralose, neotame, acesulfame potassium, and stevia. These sweeteners are used in a variety of food and drink products worldwide.

While artificial sweeteners are generally considered safe for consumption, some people may have an adverse reaction to them. For example, some people may experience headaches, dizziness, or gastrointestinal issues after consuming artificial sweeteners. It is always advisable to consult a healthcare professional before consuming any artificial sweeteners.