All questions of Mock Test Series for Humanities/Arts Exam

The correct answer is option 'A', which means that the EU's total spending on defence ranks second after the U.S.

Explanation:

- The U.S. is currently the highest spender on defence in the world, with a total spending of $732 billion in 2019, according to the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SIPRI).

- The EU, on the other hand, is not a single country and does not have a unified defence budget. However, the EU member states collectively spend a significant amount on defence.

- According to SIPRI, the total military spending of all EU member states combined was $238 billion in 2019. This makes the EU the second-largest spender on defence in the world, behind the U.S.

- It is worth noting that the EU's defence spending is spread across multiple countries and is not consolidated under a single budget. This can make it difficult to compare the EU's defence spending to that of other countries.

- Additionally, the EU has been working to increase its defence capabilities and cooperation in recent years, including through initiatives like the European Defence Fund and the Permanent Structured Cooperation (PESCO). These efforts may lead to increased defence spending among EU member states in the future.

In summary, the EU's total spending on defence ranks second after the U.S., according to data from SIPRI.

Ayub Khan is an indian film and television actor. He made his screen debut with a commerical features film mashooq .He is the son of nasir Khan and begum para as well as nephew of late veteran actor Dilip Kumar. born of ayub Khan 23 February 1969 in Mumbai.

Formation of World Council of Indigenous Peoples

The World Council of Indigenous Peoples is a non-governmental organization that was formed to promote the rights and welfare of indigenous peoples across the world. The formation of the organization can be traced back to the mid-1970s.

Year of formation

The correct answer to the question is option 'D', which states that the World Council of Indigenous Peoples was formed in 1976.

Reasons for formation

The formation of the World Council of Indigenous Peoples was prompted by various factors, including:

- The increasing recognition of the rights of indigenous peoples across the world
- The need to promote solidarity and cooperation among indigenous groups
- The need to advocate for the rights of indigenous peoples at national and international levels

Key founders

The World Council of Indigenous Peoples was founded by a group of indigenous leaders from different parts of the world. Some of the key founders of the organization include:

- George Manuel, a leader of the National Indian Brotherhood in Canada
- Oren Lyons, a member of the Onondaga Nation in the United States
- Rodolfo Stavenhagen, a Mexican sociologist and anthropologist
- Tarcila Rivera Zea, a Peruvian indigenous leader

Objectives and activities

The World Council of Indigenous Peoples has several objectives, including:

- To promote the rights and welfare of indigenous peoples across the world
- To advocate for the recognition of indigenous peoples' rights at national and international levels
- To promote solidarity and cooperation among indigenous groups
- To provide a platform for indigenous peoples to share their experiences and knowledge

Some of the activities that the World Council of Indigenous Peoples engages in include:

- Advocacy and lobbying for the rights of indigenous peoples
- Capacity building and training for indigenous leaders and communities
- Research and documentation of indigenous issues and concerns
- Networking and partnership building with other organizations and stakeholders

Conclusion

The World Council of Indigenous Peoples was formed in 1976 to promote the rights and welfare of indigenous peoples across the world. The organization has played a significant role in advocating for the recognition of indigenous peoples' rights at national and international levels and promoting solidarity and cooperation among indigenous groups.

ASEAN: A Rapidly Growing Regional Organization

ASEAN stands for the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. It is a regional intergovernmental organization that promotes economic, social, and political cooperation among its member countries.

ASEAN Member Countries
The following countries are the members of ASEAN:
- Brunei
- Cambodia
- Indonesia
- Laos
- Malaysia
- Myanmar
- Philippines
- Singapore
- Thailand
- Vietnam

Significance of ASEAN
ASEAN is rapidly growing into a significant regional organization due to the following reasons:
- Economic Growth: ASEAN has a combined GDP of $2.8 trillion, making it the fifth-largest economy in the world. The organization's goal is to create a single market and production base, which will help increase trade and investment between member countries.
- Political Cooperation: ASEAN member countries work together to maintain regional peace and stability. They have established the ASEAN Regional Forum, which allows them to discuss security issues and cooperate on disaster relief efforts.
- Cultural Exchange: ASEAN promotes cultural exchange between member countries to strengthen their bonds and create a sense of community. This is achieved through initiatives such as the ASEAN Cultural Heritage Digital Archive and the ASEAN Youth Cultural Forum.

Conclusion
ASEAN is a rapidly growing regional organization that has the potential to become a significant player in the global economy and politics. Its member countries are working together to achieve economic growth, maintain regional peace and stability, and promote cultural exchange.

The Socialist Revolution in Russia led to the formation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in 1917. This revolution was a result of the growing discontent among the Russian people towards the autocratic rule of the Tsarist regime.

Key events leading to the formation of the USSR:

1. February Revolution: In February 1917, a series of protests and strikes broke out in Petrograd (now St. Petersburg), the capital of Russia. These protests were triggered by food shortages, high taxes, and the loss of Russian soldiers in World War I. The Tsarist regime was unable to control the unrest, and the army joined the protests, forcing Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate.

2. Provisional Government: Following the Tsar's abdication, a Provisional Government was formed to govern Russia. However, it was weak and unable to resolve the country's problems.

3. Bolshevik Revolution: In October 1917, the Bolshevik party, led by Vladimir Lenin, seized power from the Provisional Government in a coup d'état. They established a new government based on Marxist principles, known as the Soviet government. The Bolsheviks renamed themselves the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

4. Formation of the USSR: In December 1922, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), a federal socialist state comprising of Russia and several other Soviet republics.

In conclusion, the USSR came into being after the Socialist Revolution in Russia in 1917, which led to the establishment of a new Soviet government and the formation of the USSR.

The Bolshevik Communist party was founded by Vladimir Lenin in 1912. Lenin was a Marxist revolutionary who believed in the overthrow of the capitalist system and the establishment of a socialist state.

Reasons for the founding of the Bolshevik Communist party:

1. Disillusionment with the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party: Lenin was dissatisfied with the direction of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) and believed that it was not radical enough to bring about the socialist revolution.

2. Need for a more centralized party: Lenin believed that a more centralized and disciplined party was necessary to achieve the socialist revolution. He argued that the party should be composed of professional revolutionaries who were committed to the cause.

3. Influence of Marxist ideology: Lenin was a follower of Marxist ideology and believed that the only way to achieve socialism was through revolution. He believed that the working class would eventually rise up against the capitalist class and establish a socialist state.

4. Inspiration from the Bolshevik faction: The Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP had been formed in 1903 and had a more revolutionary agenda than the Menshevik faction. Lenin was inspired by the Bolsheviks and believed that they were the true revolutionary force in Russia.

The founding of the Bolshevik Communist party marked the beginning of a new era in Russian politics. The party went on to play a key role in the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the establishment of the Soviet Union. Lenin's leadership of the party and his commitment to Marxist ideology continue to be a significant influence on communist movements around the world.

Establishment of the European Union

The European Union (EU) was established on November 1, 1993, with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty by the member states of the European Community. The EU is a political and economic union consisting of 27 member states located primarily in Europe.

The Maastricht Treaty

The Maastricht Treaty was signed on February 7, 1992, in Maastricht, Netherlands. It was the result of years of negotiation among the member states of the European Community and represented a significant step towards political and economic integration in Europe. The treaty established the European Union as a successor to the European Community and created a framework for the establishment of a common currency, the euro, which was introduced in 1999.

Key Provisions of the Maastricht Treaty

- The establishment of the European Union as a political and economic union
- The creation of a common foreign and security policy
- The establishment of European citizenship and the right to move freely within the EU
- The establishment of a common currency, the euro, and the creation of a European Central Bank
- The establishment of a common market and the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people
- The establishment of a framework for cooperation in the areas of justice and home affairs

Conclusion

The European Union was established on November 1, 1993, with the signing of the Maastricht Treaty. The treaty represented a significant step towards political and economic integration in Europe and created a framework for the establishment of a common currency, the euro. The EU is a political and economic union consisting of 27 member states located primarily in Europe.

Establishment of All India Kisan Sabha

All India Kisan Sabha was established in the year 1936.

Background

The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at the Lucknow session of the Indian National Congress in April 1936. The Kisan Sabha was established to represent the interests of the peasants and to fight for their rights. The major aim of the Kisan Sabha was to bring about a radical change in the agrarian system of the country.

Leadership

The All India Kisan Sabha was led by Swami Sahajanand Saraswati who was a prominent peasant leader from Bihar. Other leaders who played a key role in the formation of the Kisan Sabha included N.G. Ranga, E.M.S. Namboodiripad, and P. Sundarayya.

Objectives of All India Kisan Sabha

The All India Kisan Sabha had the following objectives:

• To fight for the rights of the peasants.


• To work towards the abolition of the zamindari system.


• To demand the reduction of rent and revenue rates.


• To demand the remission of rural debts.


• To demand the establishment of agricultural banks and co-operatives.


• To fight against the exploitation of the peasants by moneylenders and traders.

Activities of All India Kisan Sabha

The All India Kisan Sabha conducted various activities to achieve its objectives. Some of these activities were:

• Organizing peasants to fight for their rights.


• Conducting agitations against the zamindars and landlords.


• Demanding the reduction of rent and revenue rates.


• Conducting campaigns for the remission of rural debts.


• Demanding the establishment of agricultural banks and co-operatives.


• Organizing peasants to fight against the exploitation of the peasants by moneylenders and traders.

Conclusion

The All India Kisan Sabha played a crucial role in the Indian Independence movement by mobilizing the peasants and fighting for their rights. The Kisan Sabha continues to exist today as a part of the Communist Party of India.

The country that provided aid and technical assistance for steel plants in India is the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics).

Reasons for USSR's aid and technical assistance to India's steel industry:

1. Historical Friendship: India and Soviet Union shared a long-standing friendship, which was based on mutual trust, respect, and cooperation. The USSR was one of the first countries to recognize India's independence, and since then, they have had close diplomatic and economic relations.

2. Cold War Politics: During the Cold War era, India was a non-aligned country, which meant that it did not align itself with either the US-led Western bloc or the Soviet-led Eastern bloc. However, India leaned towards the Soviet Union as it provided aid and technical assistance to India's development projects, including the steel industry.

3. Industrialization: India's steel industry was in its nascent stage after the country's independence in 1947. The government of India realized the importance of developing the steel industry as a key sector for the country's industrialization. However, India lacked the technical know-how and capital for developing the industry. The USSR provided aid and technical assistance to India's steel plants, which helped in the development of the steel industry.

4. Economic Assistance: The USSR provided economic assistance to India in various forms, including grants, loans, and technical assistance. The economic assistance from the USSR helped India in its economic development, and the aid and technical assistance for the steel industry played a crucial role in the country's industrialization.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the USSR provided aid and technical assistance to India's steel industry, which played a crucial role in the country's industrialization. The historical friendship between the two countries, Cold War politics, industrialization, and economic assistance were some of the reasons for the USSR's aid and technical assistance to India's steel industry.

The region that led to shortages in all consumer goods in the United States was the West. This region experienced a significant population boom during the mid-20th century, due to the migration of people looking for work and a better life. As a result, the demand for consumer goods, such as food, clothing, and housing, increased rapidly, leading to shortages in the region.

Factors contributing to shortages in the West:

1. Rapid population growth: The West experienced a significant population growth during the mid-20th century, which led to an increase in demand for consumer goods.

2. Limited infrastructure: The infrastructure in the West was not developed enough to keep up with the demand for consumer goods. This resulted in shortages of basic necessities such as food, clothing, and housing.

3. Limited resources: The West also faced limited resources, including water and energy. This limited the production of consumer goods, leading to further shortages.

4. Economic factors: The cost of living in the West was also higher than in other regions, which made it difficult for people to afford basic necessities.

Overall, the combination of rapid population growth, limited infrastructure, limited resources, and economic factors contributed to shortages in all consumer goods in the West region of the United States.

The Bretton Woods System

The system set up by the US after the Second World War is known as the Bretton Woods System. It was established in 1944 at an international conference held in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, and was designed to create a stable global economic environment in the aftermath of the war.

Key Features of the Bretton Woods System

1. Fixed Exchange Rates: Under the Bretton Woods System, countries agreed to fix their exchange rates to the US dollar. The US dollar was fixed to gold at a rate of $35 per ounce.

2. International Monetary Fund (IMF): The IMF was established to promote international monetary cooperation, facilitate international trade, and stabilize exchange rates.

3. World Bank: The World Bank was established to provide loans and technical assistance to developing countries.

4. Convertibility: Countries were allowed to convert their currencies to US dollars at a fixed rate and it was the responsibility of the US to maintain the value of the dollar by buying and selling gold.

Impact of the Bretton Woods System

The Bretton Woods System was successful in promoting economic growth and stability in the post-war period. However, it began to face challenges in the 1960s due to increased inflation and the growing US trade deficit. In 1971, the US ended the convertibility of the dollar to gold, effectively ending the Bretton Woods System.

Conclusion

The Bretton Woods System was a significant international economic arrangement established by the US after the Second World War. It was successful in promoting economic growth and stability for several decades but ultimately faced challenges that led to its demise.

States That Acceded to Chemical Weapons Conventions

The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) is an arms control treaty that aims to eliminate the production, stockpiling, and use of chemical weapons. The treaty was opened for signature in 1993 and entered into force in 1997.

As of 2021, 193 states have acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention. This includes:

- All 193 member states of the United Nations
- Non-member states such as the Holy See and the State of Palestine

Acceding to the Chemical Weapons Convention requires states to declare and destroy any chemical weapons they possess, as well as to refrain from developing, producing, acquiring, stockpiling, or using chemical weapons. States are also required to establish a National Authority to oversee the implementation of the Convention within their territory.

The CWC is widely regarded as a successful arms control treaty, with the vast majority of states in the world having joined the Convention. However, there have been some instances of non-compliance, particularly by states that are not party to the Convention.

In summary, the correct answer is option C: 193 states have acceded to the Chemical Weapons Convention.

Nikita Khrushchev became the First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1953, after the death of Joseph Stalin.

Background:
The Soviet Union was established in 1922, and the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was its ruling political party. Joseph Stalin was the General Secretary of the CPSU from 1922 until his death in 1953.

Khrushchev's Rise to Power:
After Stalin's death, Khrushchev emerged as a key figure in the power struggle within the CPSU. He was able to secure the support of several high-ranking officials and members of the Politburo, and in 1953, he was appointed the First Secretary of the CPSU.

Khrushchev's Reforms:
Khrushchev's leadership marked a significant departure from Stalin's policies. He initiated a series of reforms aimed at modernizing the Soviet economy and society. These included:

1. De-Stalinization: Khrushchev denounced Stalin's cult of personality and his repressive policies. He released political prisoners, rehabilitated victims of Stalin's purges, and removed many of Stalin's loyalists from positions of power.

2. Agricultural Reforms: Khrushchev introduced a program of agricultural reforms aimed at increasing food production and improving the lives of rural peasants. These included the introduction of new farming techniques, the construction of new irrigation systems, and the establishment of collective farms.

3. Economic Reforms: Khrushchev introduced a series of economic reforms aimed at modernizing the Soviet economy and increasing efficiency. These included the decentralization of economic decision-making, the establishment of new industries, and the promotion of consumer goods.

Khrushchev's Downfall:
Despite his early successes, Khrushchev's reforms faced significant opposition from within the CPSU. His policies were seen as too liberal by some members of the party, and his attempts to reform the Soviet economy were met with resistance from entrenched interests. In 1964, Khrushchev was removed from power in a bloodless coup and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.

Acharya Narendra Dev was the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP). Let's delve into the details to understand why he held this position and his significant contributions to the party.

- Acharya Narendra Dev: Acharya Narendra Dev was a prominent Indian independence activist, socialist leader, and educator. He was born on October 31, 1889, in Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh. Narendra Dev played a crucial role in the Indian National Congress and the Congress Socialist Party.

- Founding of the Congress Socialist Party (CSP): The Congress Socialist Party was founded in 1934 as a left-wing group within the Indian National Congress. It aimed to advocate for socialist policies and principles within the broader framework of the Congress.

- Role of Acharya Narendra Dev: Acharya Narendra Dev played a pivotal role in the formation and development of the Congress Socialist Party. He was instrumental in shaping the party's ideology and guiding its activities.

- Socialist Ideals: Acharya Narendra Dev believed in the principles of socialism and strived for the upliftment of the marginalized sections of society. He advocated for social justice, economic equality, and the welfare of workers and peasants.

- Opposition to Communalism: Narendra Dev strongly opposed communalism and worked towards fostering communal harmony. He believed in the unity of all communities and fought against divisive forces that sought to undermine the secular fabric of the nation.

- Contribution to the Indian National Movement: Acharya Narendra Dev actively participated in the Indian freedom struggle. He led various movements and agitations against British colonial rule. He was jailed multiple times for his involvement in the independence movement.

- After Independence: Following India's independence, Acharya Narendra Dev continued to work for social and economic reforms. He focused on issues such as agrarian reforms, education, and labor rights. He also served as a member of the Planning Commission of India.

- Legacy: Acharya Narendra Dev's contributions to the Congress Socialist Party and the Indian freedom movement are widely recognized. He left a lasting impact on Indian politics and socialist thought in the country. His commitment to social justice and equality continues to inspire generations of leaders.

In conclusion, Acharya Narendra Dev was the founder President of the Congress Socialist Party. He played a crucial role in shaping the party's ideology, advocating for socialist principles, and working for the welfare of the marginalized sections of society. His contributions to the Indian freedom movement and his commitment to social justice have left a lasting legacy.

India made an earnest effort for the early freedom of Indonesia by convening an international conference. This conference is known as the Asian Relations Conference, which was held in New Delhi from March 23 to March 29, 1947. The conference aimed to bring together Asian countries to discuss and promote their common cause of independence from colonial rule.

The Asian Relations Conference was a significant step taken by India towards supporting the freedom struggle of other Asian nations. India, under the leadership of Jawaharlal Nehru, believed in the principle of non-alignment and sought to build strong relationships with other countries striving for independence.

Below is a detailed explanation of why India made efforts for the freedom of Indonesia through this conference:

1. The Importance of Asian Unity:
India recognized the importance of unity and cooperation among Asian nations in their struggle against colonialism. By convening the conference, India aimed to foster mutual understanding, solidarity, and support for each other's independence movements.

2. Support for Indonesia's Independence:
Indonesia was under Dutch colonial rule at the time, and India played a crucial role in supporting its struggle for freedom. India's leaders, particularly Jawaharlal Nehru, actively advocated for the independence of Indonesia and other colonized nations.

3. Promoting International Awareness:
The Asian Relations Conference aimed to raise international awareness about the aspirations and struggles of Asian nations. By bringing together representatives from various countries, the conference provided a platform for these nations to present their case for independence and garner support from the international community.

4. Strengthening Ties:
The conference provided an opportunity for India to strengthen its diplomatic ties with other Asian countries. India's leaders actively engaged with the representatives from different nations, discussing mutual concerns, and establishing diplomatic relationships that would later contribute to the formation of the Non-Aligned Movement.

5. Non-Aligned Stance:
India, being a newly independent nation, sought to adopt a non-aligned stance in global politics. Convening the Asian Relations Conference was part of India's efforts to promote peaceful coexistence, cooperation, and common development among nations, irrespective of their political ideologies or alignments.

In conclusion, India made an earnest effort for the early freedom of Indonesia by convening the Asian Relations Conference. This conference aimed to promote unity among Asian nations, support the independence movements of colonized countries, raise international awareness, strengthen diplomatic ties, and advocate for a non-aligned global order.

The state that faced a near famine situation during 1965-67 was Bihar.

Explanation:
1. Introduction:
During the period of 1965-67, India experienced a severe food crisis due to a combination of factors such as drought, inadequate agricultural practices, and inefficient distribution systems. This crisis led to near famine situations in several states, including Bihar.

2. Drought and Agricultural Practices:
- Bihar, located in the eastern part of India, heavily relies on agriculture for its economy. However, during this period, the state experienced a prolonged drought, which severely affected crop production.
- The inadequate monsoon rains resulted in a significant decline in agricultural output, leading to a scarcity of food grains.
- The traditional agricultural practices, including low irrigation facilities and dependence on monsoon rains, made Bihar vulnerable to such crises.

3. Inefficient Distribution System:
- Even though food grains were available in other states, their distribution and transportation to Bihar were inefficient and inadequate.
- The lack of proper storage facilities, transportation infrastructure, and coordination between the central and state governments contributed to the scarcity of food in Bihar.

4. Government Response:
- The Bihar state government, under Chief Minister Mahamaya Prasad Sinha, declared a state of emergency and sought assistance from the central government.
- The central government implemented various relief measures, such as providing financial aid, food supplies, and establishing relief camps to address the famine-like situation in Bihar.

5. Impact on the Population:
- The near famine situation in Bihar resulted in widespread hunger, malnutrition, and increased mortality rates.
- The most vulnerable sections of society, including the poor and marginalized communities, suffered the most during this crisis.
- The lack of adequate food and nutrition also had long-term consequences on the health and well-being of the affected population.

In conclusion, Bihar faced a near famine situation during 1965-67 due to a combination of factors, including drought, inefficient agricultural practices, and inadequate distribution systems. The crisis led to a scarcity of food grains, widespread hunger, and adverse impacts on the population, particularly the marginalized sections.

The two models of development are Capitalist and Socialist. Let's explore these models in detail:

1. Capitalist Model of Development:
- Capitalism is an economic system where the means of production and distribution are privately owned and operated for profit.
- In a capitalist model of development, the main focus is on free-market principles, competition, and individual ownership of resources.
- It promotes private enterprise, entrepreneurship, and the accumulation of wealth.
- The role of the government in a capitalist model is limited to protecting property rights, enforcing contracts, and maintaining law and order.
- The market forces of supply and demand determine the allocation of resources and the distribution of goods and services.
- Capitalism emphasizes economic growth, innovation, and efficiency as the driving forces behind development.

2. Socialist Model of Development:
- Socialism is an economic system where the means of production and distribution are owned and controlled by the state or the community as a whole.
- In a socialist model of development, the main focus is on equality, social justice, and collective ownership of resources.
- It aims to eliminate economic disparities and exploitation by ensuring that wealth and resources are distributed more evenly among the population.
- The government plays a more active role in planning and regulating the economy, with the intention of meeting the basic needs of all citizens.
- Socialism emphasizes social welfare, public services, and the well-being of the entire society over individual profit.
- In some cases, socialist models also incorporate democratic decision-making processes to involve the participation of the people in shaping economic policies.

In summary, the capitalist model of development emphasizes private ownership, free markets, and individual profit, while the socialist model of development focuses on collective ownership, social welfare, and economic equality. Both models have their strengths and weaknesses and have been implemented in various countries with varying degrees of success. The choice between these models often depends on ideological beliefs, historical context, and societal preferences.

When Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away, the Congress President at that time was K. Kamraj.

Explanation:

K. Kamraj, also known as Kamraj, was a prominent Indian politician and a member of the Indian National Congress. He played a significant role in the Indian independence movement and later served as the President of the Indian National Congress.

During the time of Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru's passing, K. Kamraj was serving as the Congress President. This was a crucial period in Indian politics as Nehru had been the Prime Minister of India since its independence in 1947, and his demise marked the end of an era.

K. Kamraj's tenure as the Congress President was from 1963 to 1969. He was a strong leader and instrumental in organizing the Congress party during a time of transition. His political acumen and ability to unite different factions within the party played a crucial role in maintaining stability and continuity after Nehru's death.

K. Kamraj's leadership style and organizational skills were widely appreciated, and he was known for his ability to connect with the grassroots level of the party. During his tenure as the Congress President, he implemented the "Kamraj Plan," which aimed at rejuvenating the party by encouraging senior Congress leaders to serve in the government and allowing younger leaders to take on party responsibilities.

K. Kamraj's contribution to the Congress party and Indian politics, particularly during the transitional phase after Nehru's passing, was significant. He played a vital role in ensuring the smooth functioning of the party and maintaining its unity during a challenging period.

In conclusion, when Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru passed away, K. Kamraj was the Congress President, and his leadership during this time was crucial in maintaining stability and continuity within the party.

The duration of the Cold War was not from 1914. The Cold War lasted from 1947 to 1991.

NATO?

The Chechens: A Muslim Ethnic Group

The correct answer is option 'D', as the Chechens are predominantly a Muslim ethnic group. Let's delve into a detailed explanation of this answer.

Introduction:
The Chechens are an ethnic group primarily residing in the Chechen Republic, a federal subject of Russia. They have a rich history and distinct cultural identity.

Religion:
The majority of Chechens practice Sunni Islam, which is the largest branch of Islam and followed by around 85-90% of the global Muslim population. The Chechens converted to Islam in the 16th century, and since then, it has become an integral part of their identity and heritage.

Islamic Influence:
Islam plays a significant role in the lives of Chechens, shaping their traditions, values, and social structure. Mosques are considered sacred places where the community gathers for prayers, religious ceremonies, and community events.

Cultural Practices:
Chechen culture is deeply intertwined with Islam, evident in various aspects of their daily lives. Some cultural practices include:

1. Language: The Chechen language is influenced by Arabic and is written using the Arabic script. Islamic terminology and religious vocabulary are integrated into their language.

2. Festivals and Celebrations: Chechens celebrate Islamic festivals such as Eid al-Fitr (marking the end of Ramadan) and Eid al-Adha (commemorating Prophet Abraham's willingness to sacrifice his son). These festivals involve communal prayers, feasts, and acts of charity.

3. Islamic Dress: Traditional clothing for Chechen men includes the papakha (a wool hat) and chokha (a long coat). Women often wear headscarves and modest attire in adherence to Islamic dress codes.

Impact of Conflict:
The Chechen people have faced significant challenges throughout history, including conflicts and wars. The conflicts with Russia have impacted their lives and resulted in the displacement of many Chechens. However, their strong Islamic faith has been a source of resilience and unity during these trying times.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, the Chechens are a Muslim ethnic group. Islam has played a central role in shaping their cultural practices, language, and social structure. Understanding the religious and cultural background of the Chechens is essential for comprehending their history and identity as a distinct ethnic group.

Secretary General Trygve Lie was from Norway.

Background:
- Trygve Halvdan Lie was born in Norway in 1896.
- He was a lawyer and active in Norwegian politics before becoming involved in international affairs.

Career:
- In 1945, Lie was appointed as the first Secretary General of the United Nations.
- He served in this position until 1952, overseeing the establishment of the UN's headquarters in New York and the organization's early efforts to promote international peace and security.
- During his time as Secretary General, Lie faced significant challenges, including the outbreak of the Korean War and the beginning of the Cold War.
- In 1952, he resigned from his position due to political pressure from the Soviet Union and other member states.

Legacy:
- Despite the controversy surrounding his resignation, Lie is remembered as an important figure in the early history of the United Nations.
- He helped to establish the organization as a key player in global affairs and laid the groundwork for its continued work in promoting peace, human rights, and sustainable development around the world.

The ASEAN Regional Forum was established in the year 1994. Let's understand the details about the establishment of the forum:

ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF)
- The ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) is a forum for dialogue and consultation on political and security issues in the Asia-Pacific region.
- It was established in 1994 as a platform for ASEAN and its dialogue partners to discuss security issues and promote regional cooperation.
- The ARF has 27 members, including ASEAN member states, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, Timor-Leste, the United States, and Bangladesh (as of 2021).
- The ARF operates on the basis of consensus and focuses on preventive diplomacy, confidence-building measures, and conflict resolution.
- The ARF also encourages the participation of civil society organizations in its activities.

Establishment of ARF
- The establishment of the ARF can be traced back to the ASEAN Post-Ministerial Conference (PMC) meetings, which were first held in 1978.
- In 1992, at the 25th ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (AMM) in Kuala Lumpur, ASEAN proposed the creation of an Asia-Pacific regional forum for political and security issues.
- The proposal was welcomed by ASEAN's dialogue partners, and in 1993, the ASEAN Regional Forum concept was formally endorsed at the 26th AMM in Singapore.
- The ARF was officially launched at the 27th AMM in Bangkok, Thailand, in July 1994.

In conclusion, the ASEAN Regional Forum was established in the year 1994 as a platform for ASEAN and its dialogue partners to discuss security issues and promote regional cooperation.

East Pakistan Struggle Against West Pakistan Domination

Background: East Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh) was a region that was geographically separated from West Pakistan (present-day Pakistan). The two regions were united under the British colonial rule in 1947, but they had different cultures, languages, and economic interests. The West Pakistani elite, who were mostly Punjabi and Urdu-speaking, dominated the federal government and the military, while the East Pakistani majority, who were mostly Bengali-speaking, felt neglected and exploited.

Leadership: The popular struggle against West Pakistan domination was led by Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman, who was the founder of the Awami League party. Mujib was a charismatic leader who mobilized the masses and demanded autonomy and equal rights for East Pakistan. He was arrested several times by the West Pakistani authorities, but he continued to inspire his followers through his speeches and writings.

Movement: The East Pakistan movement reached its peak in 1971 when the West Pakistani army launched a brutal crackdown on the Bengali civilians. The army killed thousands of people, raped women, and destroyed villages. This led to a massive refugee exodus to India, and the Indian government intervened in the conflict to support the Bengali cause. The Awami League declared independence on March 26, 1971, and formed a provisional government led by Mujib.

Outcome: The nine-month-long war between East and West Pakistan ended on December 16, 1971, when the West Pakistani army surrendered to the Indian army. Bangladesh (formerly East Pakistan) became an independent country, and Mujib became its first Prime Minister. However, Mujib's government faced many challenges, including economic instability, political corruption, and regional tensions. Mujib was assassinated in a military coup in 1975, and Bangladesh went through several periods of military rule and political turmoil.

Conclusion: The struggle of East Pakistan against West Pakistan domination was a significant event in the history of the Indian subcontinent. It was a struggle for national identity, democracy, and social justice. The leadership of Sheikh Mujib Ur Rahman played a crucial role in mobilizing the people and articulating their demands. However, the outcome of the struggle was not entirely satisfactory, as Bangladesh faced many challenges in the post-independence period.

The Kyoto Protocol is an international agreement created in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). The main goal of the Kyoto Protocol is to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere to mitigate the effects of climate change.

The major nations, or Annex I countries, that signed the Kyoto Protocol agreed to reduce their GHG emissions by an average of 5.2% below their 1990 levels by the end of the first commitment period, which was from 2008 to 2012.

Therefore, the correct answer is option C, which states that the major nations agreed to reduce the concentration of greenhouse gases by 2012.

It is important to note that the Kyoto Protocol has been criticized for having weak enforcement mechanisms and for not including major emitters such as the United States and China. Additionally, some countries that signed the agreement did not meet their emissions reduction targets. Despite these challenges, the Kyoto Protocol was a significant international effort to address climate change and paved the way for future climate agreements such as the Paris Agreement.

Statement: Technology is an important cause of globalization.

Explanation:
Globalization is the process of increased interconnectedness and integration among countries, societies, and economies around the world. It is driven by various factors, and one of the significant causes of globalization is technology. Here's why:

1. Communication: Technological advancements in communication, such as the internet, mobile phones, and social media, have revolutionized the way people connect and interact globally. These tools enable instantaneous communication, breaking down barriers of distance and time, and facilitating global collaboration and exchange of ideas.

2. Transportation: Improved transportation infrastructure, including air travel, shipping, and logistics, has made it easier and faster to move goods, services, and people across borders. This has led to the development of global supply chains and increased international trade.

3. Information and Data: Technology has made it possible to access and share vast amounts of information and data globally. This has enhanced the flow of knowledge, research, and expertise, allowing individuals and organizations to tap into global resources and insights.

4. Automation and Digitalization: Technological advancements in automation, robotics, and digitalization have transformed industries and economies. They have enabled the outsourcing of manufacturing and services to different countries, leading to increased economic integration and specialization.

5. Financial Systems: Technology has revolutionized financial systems, making it easier to conduct cross-border transactions, manage global investments, and access international markets. This has facilitated the flow of capital and investment across borders, promoting economic integration.

6. Global Communication Networks: The development of global communication networks, such as fiber optic cables and satellite systems, has created a seamless and interconnected world. These networks enable the exchange of information, data, and financial transactions on a global scale.

In conclusion, technology plays a crucial role in driving globalization. It has revolutionized communication, transportation, information sharing, and financial systems, making the world more interconnected and integrated. The advancements in technology have significantly reduced barriers to global exchange and facilitated the flow of goods, services, capital, and ideas across borders, leading to the emergence of a globalized world.

Earth Summit Attendees

The Earth Summit, also known as the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED), was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, in June 1992. This international conference brought together representatives from various countries and organizations to address environmental issues and sustainable development.

Number of Attending States

The correct answer to the question is option 'A', which states that Earth Summit was attended by 172 states. This means that 172 countries were represented at the conference.

Importance of Earth Summit

The Earth Summit was a significant event in the history of environmentalism and sustainable development. It brought together world leaders and experts to discuss and develop strategies to address pressing environmental issues, such as climate change, deforestation, and loss of biodiversity.

The conference resulted in several agreements and documents, including the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development, Agenda 21, and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). These agreements and documents served as a framework for future international cooperation on environmental issues and sustainable development.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Earth Summit was attended by 172 states. This international conference was a crucial event in the history of environmentalism and sustainable development and resulted in several agreements and documents that served as a framework for future international cooperation on environmental issues.

ASEAN: Broadening Objectives

ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations) is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established in 1967. Initially, ASEAN's primary objective was to promote economic cooperation and social development among the member countries. However, over the years, ASEAN has broadened its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres.

Political and Security Cooperation

One of the significant developments in ASEAN's objectives is the expansion of political and security cooperation. The ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea, for instance, is an effort to resolve territorial disputes in the region. ASEAN has also established the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) to promote dialogue and cooperation on security issues.

Cultural Cooperation

ASEAN has also recognized the importance of cultural cooperation as a means of promoting regional unity and understanding. The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community (ASCC) was established to promote cultural exchange, education, and social development. ASEAN member countries have also established the ASEAN Heritage Parks and ASEAN Cultural Heritage Awards to celebrate their cultural diversity and promote tourism.

Environmental Cooperation

ASEAN has also broadened its objectives to include environmental cooperation. The ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution is an effort to address the problem of transboundary haze caused by forest fires in Southeast Asia. ASEAN has also established the ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity to promote conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity in the region.

Conclusion

In conclusion, ASEAN has expanded its objectives beyond the economic and social spheres to include political and security cooperation, cultural cooperation, and environmental cooperation. By doing so, ASEAN aims to promote regional unity, understanding, and sustainable development.

It is not clear what is being referred to by "more weightage." However, here are some factors that could contribute to India having more influence or significance:

1. Economic growth: India's rapidly growing economy, with a large market and substantial GDP growth, can give it more weightage in global economic discussions and policies.

2. Population: India is the second-most populous country in the world, which can provide it with a larger demographic weight and potential consumer market.

3. Regional influence: India's strategic location in South Asia and its role as a regional power can give it more weightage in regional affairs and diplomacy.

4. Military capabilities: India has a significant military force and nuclear capabilities, which can give it more weightage in security and defense discussions.

5. Cultural heritage: India has a rich cultural heritage, including its ancient civilization, diverse traditions, and contributions to art, literature, and philosophy. This cultural influence can give it more weightage in areas such as soft power and cultural diplomacy.

6. Technological advancements: India's growing technology sector and its contributions to fields like IT, space exploration, and renewable energy can give it more weightage in global innovation and technology discussions.

These are just a few factors that can contribute to India having more weightage in various aspects. The significance of these factors may vary depending on the specific context or topic being considered.

Understanding the Principal Obstacle to Agricultural Growth
Agricultural growth is crucial for the economy, yet it faces numerous challenges. Among these, the pattern of land distribution stands out as the principal obstacle.

Pattern of Land Distribution
- The unequal distribution of land creates significant disparities in agricultural productivity.
- Large landholdings often lead to inefficient farming practices, as wealthy landowners may not actively manage their estates.
- Small farmers, who may lack access to resources, struggle to compete, leading to lower overall agricultural output.

Impact of Land Inequality
- **Resource Allocation**: Wealthy landowners can afford modern equipment and techniques, whereas small farmers may rely on outdated methods, hindering growth.
- **Investment Barriers**: Smallholders often lack capital for investment in better seeds, fertilizers, or irrigation systems, limiting their productivity.
- **Social Stratification**: Land distribution patterns contribute to social tensions and conflicts, affecting community cooperation in agricultural initiatives.

Conclusion
Addressing the pattern of land distribution is essential for fostering agricultural growth. By creating a more equitable system, resources can be allocated more efficiently, enabling small farmers to thrive. This change can lead to increased productivity, improved livelihoods, and a more robust agricultural sector overall.
In summary, while other factors like people's attitude, status of Zamindars, and health of farmers are relevant, the pattern of land distribution fundamentally shapes the agricultural landscape and ultimately dictates its growth potential.

Explanation:

The disintegration of the U.S.S.R. had various outcomes that reshaped the global political landscape. However, one outcome that was not a direct result of the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. is the crises in the Middle East (option D).

1. End of the ideological war between the U.S and U.S.S.R:
- One of the major outcomes of the U.S.S.R.'s disintegration was the end of the ideological war between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R.
- The U.S. and the U.S.S.R. had been engaged in a Cold War for decades, with both countries competing for global influence and promoting their respective ideologies.
- The disintegration of the U.S.S.R. marked the end of this ideological conflict, as the U.S.S.R. no longer existed as a separate entity.

2. Birth of CTS:
- Another outcome of the U.S.S.R.'s disintegration was the birth of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).
- The CIS was formed in December 1991 as a loose association of former Soviet republics.
- It served as a platform for these newly independent states to cooperate on various issues, including economic and security matters.
- The formation of the CIS was a significant consequence of the U.S.S.R.'s disintegration.

3. Change in the balance of power in the world order:
- The disintegration of the U.S.S.R. also led to a significant change in the balance of power in the world order.
- With the U.S.S.R. no longer existing as a superpower, the United States emerged as the sole superpower, leading to a unipolar world order.
- This shift in power dynamics had far-reaching consequences for global politics and international relations.

4. Crises in the Middle East:
- Crises in the Middle East have deep-rooted causes that are not directly linked to the disintegration of the U.S.S.R.
- The Middle East has been a region of conflict and turmoil for many years, with a complex web of political, religious, and economic factors contributing to the crises.
- While the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. had global ramifications, it cannot be directly attributed as a cause for the ongoing crises in the Middle East.

In conclusion, the disintegration of the U.S.S.R. had significant outcomes, including the end of the ideological war between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., the birth of the CIS, and a change in the balance of power in the world order. However, the crises in the Middle East cannot be considered a direct outcome of the U.S.S.R.'s disintegration.

Understanding the Nature of the Soviet Economy
In the context of the Soviet economy, statement 'C' is incorrect because it implies that individuals had economic freedom, which was not the case. Below are the key characteristics explaining this aspect.
Socialism as the Dominant Ideology
- The Soviet Union operated under a socialist ideology, where the state played a central role in economic activities.
State Ownership and Control
- The government owned and controlled all means of production, including land, factories, and resources, leaving no room for private ownership.
Lack of Economic Freedom
- Individuals had very limited economic freedom. The state dictated employment, production quotas, and distribution of goods, leaving little to no choice for citizens.
- Choices regarding careers and consumption were heavily regulated, limiting personal autonomy in economic matters.
Planned and Controlled Economy
- The economy was characterized by central planning, where the State established production targets and allocated resources.
- This system aimed for rapid industrialization and collectivization but often resulted in inefficiencies and shortages.
In summary, while socialism, state ownership, and central planning were defining features of the Soviet economy, the lack of economic freedom fundamentally distinguishes statement 'C' as incorrect. The Soviet system prioritized state control over individual liberties, leading to a significant restriction of personal economic choices.

The headquarters of the US defence department is at Virginia.

Location of the US Defence Department:

The US Defence Department is headquartered at the Pentagon, which is located in Arlington County, Virginia. The Pentagon is a massive five-sided building and serves as the nerve centre for the US military.

History of the Pentagon:

The Pentagon was constructed in the early 1940s, during World War II, and was opened in 1943. The building was designed to house the US Defence Department and its various branches, including the Army, the Navy, and the Air Force. The building was named the Pentagon due to its unique shape, which features five sides, and was designed to be a symbol of strength and unity.

Role of the US Defence Department:

The US Defence Department is responsible for the country's defence and national security. It oversees all branches of the military, including the Army, Navy, Air Force, and Marines. The department is responsible for developing and implementing defence policies, as well as providing military support to the President and other government agencies.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the headquarters of the US Defence Department is located in Virginia, at the Pentagon. The Pentagon serves as the nerve centre for the US military and is responsible for providing military support to the President and other government agencies.

Consequences of Partition of India in 1947:

The Partition of India in 1947 was a traumatic event that led to many consequences. Some of the major consequences are:

Transfer of Population:
- The partition of India led to the largest mass migration in human history, with millions of people moving across the newly created border between India and Pakistan.
- Hindus and Sikhs moved to India from Pakistan, while Muslims moved from India to Pakistan.
- This transfer of population led to massive displacement, loss of property, and loss of life.

Refugees Problem:
- The partition of India created a refugee crisis, with millions of people displaced and in need of shelter and basic necessities.
- The governments of India and Pakistan struggled to provide aid and support to these refugees, leading to a humanitarian crisis.

Problem of Minorities:
- The partition of India led to the creation of two countries with different religious identities, India being a secular state with a Hindu majority, and Pakistan being an Islamic state with a Muslim majority.
- This led to problems for religious minorities in both countries, with Hindus and Sikhs facing persecution in Pakistan, and Muslims facing discrimination in India.

All of these:
- The consequences of the partition of India were far-reaching and long-lasting, affecting the social, economic, and political fabric of both India and Pakistan.
- The transfer of population, refugee crisis, and problems faced by minorities were all interconnected, and had a profound impact on the lives of millions of people.

Introduction:

The Soviet System, also known as the Soviet Union or USSR, was a socialist state that existed from 1922 to 1991. It was characterized by a centralized government and a planned economy. The makers of the Soviet System, led by Vladimir Lenin and later Joseph Stalin, had a specific ideology and set of principles that guided their actions and policies. While the Soviet System emphasized certain aspects, one of them was not given primacy by its makers.

Explanation:

No state control over the economy:
The Soviet System placed great emphasis on state control over the economy. The Bolsheviks, the ruling party in the early years of the Soviet Union, believed that the means of production should be owned and controlled by the state on behalf of the people. This meant that private property was abolished, and the state had control over industries, agriculture, and resources. The Soviet economy operated under a planned system, where the state determined production targets and allocated resources accordingly.

Abolition of private property:
One of the fundamental principles of the Soviet System was the abolition of private property. The Bolsheviks believed that private ownership of the means of production led to inequality and exploitation. They aimed to establish a classless society where all property was owned collectively by the people. This involved the nationalization of land, industry, and resources, and the establishment of state control over these assets.

Society based on the principle of equality:
Another key principle of the Soviet System was the establishment of a society based on the principle of equality. The Bolsheviks sought to eliminate social classes and create a society where all individuals had equal rights and opportunities. They aimed to achieve this through policies such as universal education, equal access to healthcare and social services, and the promotion of gender equality.

No opposition party to be allowed:
The makers of the Soviet System did not prioritize allowing the existence of opposition parties. The Communist Party, specifically the Bolsheviks, held a monopoly on political power and did not tolerate any other political parties or organizations that challenged their authority. Opposition parties were suppressed and labeled as enemies of the state, with dissent often met with severe consequences.

Conclusion:
While the Soviet System placed great emphasis on the abolition of private property, the establishment of a society based on equality, and the suppression of opposition parties, it did not prioritize the absence of state control over the economy. On the contrary, state control over the economy was a fundamental aspect of the Soviet System, with the state owning and directing the means of production.

Formation of the European Economic Community

Introduction
The European Economic Community (EEC) was established in 1958 by a group of six European countries.

The Six Founding Members of the EEC
The six founding members of the EEC were:
- Belgium
- France
- Germany
- Italy
- Luxembourg
- Netherlands

Reasons for Formation of the EEC
The main reasons for forming the EEC were to:
- Promote economic cooperation and integration between European countries
- Increase trade and investment among member states
- Create a common market with the free movement of goods, services, capital, and people
- Boost economic growth and job creation
- Strengthen political ties and promote peace and stability in Europe

Impact of the EEC
The EEC had a significant impact on Europe and the world. It led to:
- Increased economic growth and prosperity among member states
- The creation of a single market with tariff-free trade and the removal of non-tariff barriers
- The establishment of common policies in areas such as agriculture, transport, and energy
- The expansion of the EEC to include more member states over time
- The formation of the European Union (EU) in 1993, which built on the foundations of the EEC and added new areas of cooperation such as foreign policy and justice and home affairs.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the European Economic Community was formed in 1958 by six European countries to promote economic cooperation and integration. It had a significant impact on Europe and the world and laid the foundations for the European Union.

Bihar is the state that was not created in 2000. Here's an explanation of why:

Reasons for the Creation of New States:
The creation of new states in India is primarily based on the linguistic and cultural identities of the people residing in a particular region. Historically, the demand for separate states has emerged due to factors such as regional imbalances, aspirations for self-governance, and the need for better administration and development.

Creation of Jharkhand:
Jharkhand is a state located in the eastern part of India. It was carved out of the southern part of Bihar in the year 2000. The region had a significant tribal population and rich mineral resources like coal, iron ore, and mica. The demand for a separate state of Jharkhand had been a long-standing aspiration of the local tribal communities. They sought greater control over their resources and governance, which they believed would lead to better socio-economic development in the region. After years of protests and movements, the state of Jharkhand was finally created on November 15, 2000.

Creation of Chhattisgarh:
Chhattisgarh is a state located in central India. It was formed by separating 16 southeastern districts of Madhya Pradesh. The demand for a separate state of Chhattisgarh was primarily driven by socio-economic factors. The region had a significant tribal population and was rich in mineral resources like coal, iron ore, and bauxite. The proponents of the separate state argued that the region was neglected in terms of development and administration. They believed that a separate state would lead to better governance and more focused development efforts. Chhattisgarh was officially established on November 1, 2000.

Creation of Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand):
Uttaranchal, now known as Uttarakhand, is a state located in the northern part of India. It was carved out of the hilly regions of western Uttar Pradesh. The demand for a separate state of Uttaranchal was primarily driven by regional imbalances and the unique cultural identity of the hilly areas. The people of the region felt that their distinct identity and developmental needs were overshadowed by the more populous plains of Uttar Pradesh. They sought a separate state to address their concerns and ensure focused development efforts. Uttaranchal was officially formed on November 9, 2000.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, while Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, and Uttaranchal (now Uttarakhand) were all created as separate states in 2000, Bihar remained unchanged and was not divided to create a new state. The creation of these states aimed to address regional imbalances, fulfill the aspirations of the local communities, and promote better administration and development in the respective regions.