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The total water consumption per capita per day, including domestic, commercial, and industrial demands, for an average Indian city, as per IS code, may be taken as- a)135 l/c/d
- b)210 l/c/d
- c)240 l/c/d
- d)270 l/c/d
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The total water consumption per capita per day, including domestic, commercial, and industrial demands, for an average Indian city, as per IS code, may be taken as
a)
135 l/c/d
b)
210 l/c/d
c)
240 l/c/d
d)
270 l/c/d
|
Athira Pillai answered |
The total water consumption per capita per day in an average Indian city, as per the IS code, is 270 liters per capita per day (l/c/d). This means that on average, each person in the city is estimated to consume 270 liters of water every day. Let's break down the factors that contribute to this estimation.
Domestic Demand:
- The domestic demand includes the water used for household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing.
- It also includes water used for sanitation purposes like flushing toilets and washing clothes.
- As per the IS code, the domestic water demand is estimated to be around 135 l/c/d.
Commercial Demand:
- The commercial demand refers to the water used in commercial establishments such as offices, shops, restaurants, and hotels.
- It includes water used for various purposes like cleaning, cooking, and maintaining the premises.
- The commercial water demand is estimated to account for an additional 45 l/c/d as per the IS code.
Industrial Demand:
- The industrial demand includes the water used in industries for various processes and operations.
- It can vary depending on the type and scale of industries present in the city.
- The IS code estimates the industrial water demand to be around 90 l/c/d.
Adding up all these factors, the total water consumption per capita per day is calculated as follows:
Domestic Demand + Commercial Demand + Industrial Demand = Total Water Consumption per capita per day
135 l/c/d + 45 l/c/d + 90 l/c/d = 270 l/c/d
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D', which states that the total water consumption per capita per day, including domestic, commercial, and industrial demands, for an average Indian city, as per the IS code, is 270 l/c/d.
Domestic Demand:
- The domestic demand includes the water used for household purposes such as drinking, cooking, cleaning, and bathing.
- It also includes water used for sanitation purposes like flushing toilets and washing clothes.
- As per the IS code, the domestic water demand is estimated to be around 135 l/c/d.
Commercial Demand:
- The commercial demand refers to the water used in commercial establishments such as offices, shops, restaurants, and hotels.
- It includes water used for various purposes like cleaning, cooking, and maintaining the premises.
- The commercial water demand is estimated to account for an additional 45 l/c/d as per the IS code.
Industrial Demand:
- The industrial demand includes the water used in industries for various processes and operations.
- It can vary depending on the type and scale of industries present in the city.
- The IS code estimates the industrial water demand to be around 90 l/c/d.
Adding up all these factors, the total water consumption per capita per day is calculated as follows:
Domestic Demand + Commercial Demand + Industrial Demand = Total Water Consumption per capita per day
135 l/c/d + 45 l/c/d + 90 l/c/d = 270 l/c/d
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D', which states that the total water consumption per capita per day, including domestic, commercial, and industrial demands, for an average Indian city, as per the IS code, is 270 l/c/d.
The total water requirement of a city is generally assessed on the basis of- a)maximum hourly demand
- b) maximum daily demand + fire demand
- c)average daily demand + fire
- d)greater of (a) and (b)
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The total water requirement of a city is generally assessed on the basis of
a)
maximum hourly demand
b)
maximum daily demand + fire demand
c)
average daily demand + fire
d)
greater of (a) and (b)
|
|
Pallabi Kulkarni answered |
Assessment of Total Water Requirement for a City
Water is an essential resource for human life and development. It is necessary to assess the total water requirement of a city in order to ensure that there is a sufficient supply of water to meet the needs of the population. The following are the different factors that are considered in assessing the total water requirement of a city:
1. Maximum Hourly Demand
The maximum hourly demand is the amount of water that is required by the city during the peak hour of the day. This is usually the time when most people are using water for various activities such as bathing, cooking, and washing. The maximum hourly demand is used to determine the capacity of the water supply system, including the pumps and storage tanks.
2. Maximum Daily Demand
The maximum daily demand is the amount of water that is required by the city during the 24-hour period. This includes the peak hour demand as well as the water that is required for other activities throughout the day. The maximum daily demand is used to determine the size of the water treatment plant and the capacity of the distribution system.
3. Fire Demand
The fire demand is the amount of water that is required to fight fires in the city. This is usually calculated based on the size of the buildings in the city, the type of construction, and the fire protection systems that are in place. The fire demand is used to determine the size of the fire hydrants and the water supply required for the fire protection systems.
4. Average Daily Demand
The average daily demand is the average amount of water that is required by the city over a period of time, usually a year. This includes the peak hour demand, the water that is required for other activities throughout the day, and the fire demand. The average daily demand is used to determine the long-term capacity of the water supply system.
5. Greater of (a) and (b)
In some cases, the total water requirement of a city may be determined by taking the greater of the maximum hourly demand and the maximum daily demand. This is done to ensure that the water supply system has sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the population during peak periods.
Conclusion
Assessing the total water requirement of a city is a complex process that involves considering a number of different factors. By taking into account the maximum hourly demand, maximum daily demand, fire demand, average daily demand, and the greater of (a) and (b), engineers can design water supply systems that are capable of meeting the needs of the population in a sustainable and efficient manner.
Water is an essential resource for human life and development. It is necessary to assess the total water requirement of a city in order to ensure that there is a sufficient supply of water to meet the needs of the population. The following are the different factors that are considered in assessing the total water requirement of a city:
1. Maximum Hourly Demand
The maximum hourly demand is the amount of water that is required by the city during the peak hour of the day. This is usually the time when most people are using water for various activities such as bathing, cooking, and washing. The maximum hourly demand is used to determine the capacity of the water supply system, including the pumps and storage tanks.
2. Maximum Daily Demand
The maximum daily demand is the amount of water that is required by the city during the 24-hour period. This includes the peak hour demand as well as the water that is required for other activities throughout the day. The maximum daily demand is used to determine the size of the water treatment plant and the capacity of the distribution system.
3. Fire Demand
The fire demand is the amount of water that is required to fight fires in the city. This is usually calculated based on the size of the buildings in the city, the type of construction, and the fire protection systems that are in place. The fire demand is used to determine the size of the fire hydrants and the water supply required for the fire protection systems.
4. Average Daily Demand
The average daily demand is the average amount of water that is required by the city over a period of time, usually a year. This includes the peak hour demand, the water that is required for other activities throughout the day, and the fire demand. The average daily demand is used to determine the long-term capacity of the water supply system.
5. Greater of (a) and (b)
In some cases, the total water requirement of a city may be determined by taking the greater of the maximum hourly demand and the maximum daily demand. This is done to ensure that the water supply system has sufficient capacity to meet the needs of the population during peak periods.
Conclusion
Assessing the total water requirement of a city is a complex process that involves considering a number of different factors. By taking into account the maximum hourly demand, maximum daily demand, fire demand, average daily demand, and the greater of (a) and (b), engineers can design water supply systems that are capable of meeting the needs of the population in a sustainable and efficient manner.
Freeman’s formula for estimating the fire demand (Q) in I.p.m. is given byP = population in thousands- a)
- b)
- c)
- d)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Freeman’s formula for estimating the fire demand (Q) in I.p.m. is given by
P = population in thousands
a)
b)
c)
d)
|
Zoya Sharma answered |
In Clark’s method, total hardness is found by determining the standard soap solution required to obtain permanent lather with the water sample of known volume.
The pipe mains carrying water from the source to the reservoir are designed for the
a)average daily draftb)maximum daily draftc)maximum hourly draft of the maximum dayd)maximum weekly draftCorrect answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
|
Bijoy Kapoor answered |
Main pipe can be designed as max daily (1.8 times of daily demand),distribution pipe can be designed as (max hourly of max daily (2.7 *max hourly of max daily). Distribution system is designed for 30 years, the demand reservoir for 50 years, the water treatment unit for 15 years and the pipe mains for 30 years.
As compared to geometrical increase method of forecasting population,arithmetical increase method givesa) lesser valueb) higher valuec) same valued) accurate valueCorrect answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
As compared to geometrical increase method of forecasting population,arithmetical increase method gives
a) lesser value
b) higher value
c) same value
d) accurate value
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
|
Aarav Kulkarni answered |
Arithmetical Increase Method vs Geometrical Increase Method in Population Forecasting
Introduction:
Population forecasting is an essential aspect of urban planning and development. It helps in determining the future needs of a city, such as infrastructure, housing, and amenities. Two common methods used for population forecasting are the arithmetical increase method and the geometrical increase method. In this article, we will compare these two methods and explain why the arithmetical increase method gives a lesser value as compared to the geometrical increase method.
Arithmetical Increase Method:
The arithmetical increase method assumes that the population of a city increases by a fixed amount in each time period. For example, if the population of a city is 100,000 in 2020 and is expected to increase by 10,000 every year, then the population in 2021 will be 110,000, in 2022 it will be 120,000, and so on. This method is simple and easy to use.
Geometrical Increase Method:
The geometrical increase method assumes that the population of a city increases by a fixed percentage in each time period. For example, if the population of a city is 100,000 in 2020 and is expected to increase by 10% every year, then the population in 2021 will be 110,000 (100,000 x 1.1), in 2022 it will be 121,000 (110,000 x 1.1), and so on. This method is more complex than the arithmetical increase method but is considered more accurate.
Comparison:
When comparing the two methods, the arithmetical increase method gives a lesser value as compared to the geometrical increase method. This is because the arithmetical increase method assumes a fixed increase in population, whereas the geometrical increase method assumes a percentage increase. In most cases, the population growth rate is not constant and varies over time. Therefore, the geometrical increase method is more accurate as it takes into account the changing growth rate.
Conclusion:
Both the arithmetical increase method and the geometrical increase method have their advantages and disadvantages. The arithmetical increase method is simple and easy to use but may not be as accurate as the geometrical increase method. The geometrical increase method is more complex but takes into account the changing growth rate of the population. Therefore, it is essential to use the appropriate method for population forecasting based on the available data and the specific needs of the city.
Introduction:
Population forecasting is an essential aspect of urban planning and development. It helps in determining the future needs of a city, such as infrastructure, housing, and amenities. Two common methods used for population forecasting are the arithmetical increase method and the geometrical increase method. In this article, we will compare these two methods and explain why the arithmetical increase method gives a lesser value as compared to the geometrical increase method.
Arithmetical Increase Method:
The arithmetical increase method assumes that the population of a city increases by a fixed amount in each time period. For example, if the population of a city is 100,000 in 2020 and is expected to increase by 10,000 every year, then the population in 2021 will be 110,000, in 2022 it will be 120,000, and so on. This method is simple and easy to use.
Geometrical Increase Method:
The geometrical increase method assumes that the population of a city increases by a fixed percentage in each time period. For example, if the population of a city is 100,000 in 2020 and is expected to increase by 10% every year, then the population in 2021 will be 110,000 (100,000 x 1.1), in 2022 it will be 121,000 (110,000 x 1.1), and so on. This method is more complex than the arithmetical increase method but is considered more accurate.
Comparison:
When comparing the two methods, the arithmetical increase method gives a lesser value as compared to the geometrical increase method. This is because the arithmetical increase method assumes a fixed increase in population, whereas the geometrical increase method assumes a percentage increase. In most cases, the population growth rate is not constant and varies over time. Therefore, the geometrical increase method is more accurate as it takes into account the changing growth rate.
Conclusion:
Both the arithmetical increase method and the geometrical increase method have their advantages and disadvantages. The arithmetical increase method is simple and easy to use but may not be as accurate as the geometrical increase method. The geometrical increase method is more complex but takes into account the changing growth rate of the population. Therefore, it is essential to use the appropriate method for population forecasting based on the available data and the specific needs of the city.
The valve, which is provided in the water distributing pipes at street corners and pipe junctions to control the flow in the distribution system, is- a)an air valve
- b)a sluice valve
- c)a scour valve
- d)a reflux valve
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The valve, which is provided in the water distributing pipes at street corners and pipe junctions to control the flow in the distribution system, is
a)
an air valve
b)
a sluice valve
c)
a scour valve
d)
a reflux valve
|
Aarav Sharma answered |
Scour valve is known as washout valve. They are either located at the dead ends or at the lowest point in the mains.
A commonly used handpump is the- a)centrifugal pump
- b)reciprocating pump
- c)rotary pump
- d)axial flow pump
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
A commonly used handpump is the
a)
centrifugal pump
b)
reciprocating pump
c)
rotary pump
d)
axial flow pump
|
|
Maulik Joshi answered |
Reciprocating Pump: A Commonly Used Handpump
Reciprocating pumps are the most commonly used types of handpumps for transporting water or other fluids. They are also known as positive displacement pumps because they move fluids by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and then forcing it into the discharge pipe.
Construction of Reciprocating Pump
The reciprocating pump consists of a cylinder, a piston, inlet and outlet valves, and a handle. The cylinder is usually made of cast iron, and the piston is made of brass. The inlet and outlet valves are made of brass or stainless steel.
Working of Reciprocating Pump
The working principle of the reciprocating pump is straightforward. When the handle is moved, the piston moves up and down inside the cylinder. During the downward stroke, the inlet valve opens, and the fluid enters the cylinder. On the upward stroke, the inlet valve closes, and the outlet valve opens, and the fluid is pushed out of the cylinder and into the discharge pipe.
Advantages of Reciprocating Pump
- They are easy to use and require minimum maintenance.
- They are ideal for low flow rate applications.
- They can handle fluids with high viscosity and solids up to a certain size.
- They can be operated manually or with a motor.
Disadvantages of Reciprocating Pump
- They are not suitable for high flow rate applications.
- They require a constant power source for continuous operation.
- They can suffer from cavitation if the inlet pressure is too low.
Conclusion
Overall, the reciprocating pump is a reliable and efficient handpump for transporting water and other fluids. Its simple construction and ease of use make it a popular choice for many applications.
Reciprocating pumps are the most commonly used types of handpumps for transporting water or other fluids. They are also known as positive displacement pumps because they move fluids by trapping a fixed amount of fluid and then forcing it into the discharge pipe.
Construction of Reciprocating Pump
The reciprocating pump consists of a cylinder, a piston, inlet and outlet valves, and a handle. The cylinder is usually made of cast iron, and the piston is made of brass. The inlet and outlet valves are made of brass or stainless steel.
Working of Reciprocating Pump
The working principle of the reciprocating pump is straightforward. When the handle is moved, the piston moves up and down inside the cylinder. During the downward stroke, the inlet valve opens, and the fluid enters the cylinder. On the upward stroke, the inlet valve closes, and the outlet valve opens, and the fluid is pushed out of the cylinder and into the discharge pipe.
Advantages of Reciprocating Pump
- They are easy to use and require minimum maintenance.
- They are ideal for low flow rate applications.
- They can handle fluids with high viscosity and solids up to a certain size.
- They can be operated manually or with a motor.
Disadvantages of Reciprocating Pump
- They are not suitable for high flow rate applications.
- They require a constant power source for continuous operation.
- They can suffer from cavitation if the inlet pressure is too low.
Conclusion
Overall, the reciprocating pump is a reliable and efficient handpump for transporting water and other fluids. Its simple construction and ease of use make it a popular choice for many applications.
The formula, which is most appropriate for the design of pressure pipes is- a)Darcy Weisbach formula
- b)Mannings formula
- c)Chezy’s formula
- d)Dupuit’s formula
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The formula, which is most appropriate for the design of pressure pipes is
a)
Darcy Weisbach formula
b)
Mannings formula
c)
Chezy’s formula
d)
Dupuit’s formula
|
Baishali Bajaj answered |
The Darcy–Weisbach equation is a phenomenological equation, which relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid.
Which one of the following methods gives the best estimate of population growth of a community with limited land area for future expansion ?- a)Arithmetical increase method
- b)Geometrical increase method
- c)Incremental increase method
- d)Logistic method
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following methods gives the best estimate of population growth of a community with limited land area for future expansion ?
a)
Arithmetical increase method
b)
Geometrical increase method
c)
Incremental increase method
d)
Logistic method
|
Anirban Khanna answered |
Logistic regression is a statistical method for analyzing a dataset in which there are one or more independent variables that determine an outcome. The outcome is measured with a dichotomous variable (in which there are only two possible outcomes).
The valve, which allows the flow only in one direction, is a- a)reflux valve
- b)sluice valve
- c)gate valve
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The valve, which allows the flow only in one direction, is a
a)
reflux valve
b)
sluice valve
c)
gate valve
d)
None of these
|
Kavya Sharma answered |
Reflux valves are an automatic device which allows water to flow in one direction only and avoids the back flow of water or prevents the damage of the pump.
High pH value of water in the pipe does not produce- a)Incrustation
- b)Sediment deposits
- c)Tuberculation
- d)High discharge
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
High pH value of water in the pipe does not produce
a)
Incrustation
b)
Sediment deposits
c)
Tuberculation
d)
High discharge
|
Sagarika Patel answered |
PH is really a measure of the relative amount of free hydrogen and hydroxyl ions in the water. Water that has more free hydrogen ions is acidic, whereas water that has more free hydroxyl ions is basic. Since pH can be affected by chemicals in the water, pH is an important indicator of water that is changing chemically.
The joint used for joining the plain ends of cast iron pipes, is- a)flanged joint
- b)socket and spigot joint .
- c) dresser coupling joint
- d)flexible joint
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The joint used for joining the plain ends of cast iron pipes, is
a)
flanged joint
b)
socket and spigot joint .
c)
dresser coupling joint
d)
flexible joint
|
|
Bijoy Kapoor answered |
World Wide Metric and Dresser Couplings
World Wide Metric offers Dresser style 38 couplings which are available for cast and ductile iron pipes with sizes from 2’’ to 24’’. These types of couplings are used for joining plain end cast iron pipe and are impressively proved by years of service on all types of pipes. This type of Dresser coupling provides a flexible, leak-proof connection that will last for the lifetime of your pipe. This product eliminates costly threading, beveling, exact pipe fitting or alignment. For additional convenience, the Style 38 couplings permit the salvage and use of random lengths of cast-iron pipe from which bell ends of racked sections have been removed.
The threshold odour number (TON) for a water sample of 40 ml, dilute to standard 200 ml mixture, in which odour is just barely detectable to the sense of smell, is- a)8
- b)5
- c)50
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The threshold odour number (TON) for a water sample of 40 ml, dilute to standard 200 ml mixture, in which odour is just barely detectable to the sense of smell, is
a)
8
b)
5
c)
50
d)
None of these
|
Sanvi Kapoor answered |
Threshold odour number represent the dilution ratio at which the odour is hardly detectable.
T.O.N. = 200/40 = 5
T.O.N. = 200/40 = 5
The maximum permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water is- a)0.1 mg/l
- b)1.5 mg/l
- c)5 mg/l
- d)10 mg/l
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
The maximum permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water is
a)
0.1 mg/l
b)
1.5 mg/l
c)
5 mg/l
d)
10 mg/l
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'B', 1.5 mg/l.
Fluoride is a chemical element that is present in some natural water sources and can also be added to drinking water as a public health measure to prevent tooth decay. However, excessive levels of fluoride in drinking water can cause health problems such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. The maximum permissible limit for fluoride in drinking water is set by various organizations and authorities, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). According to the WHO, the guideline value for fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l, which is considered the maximum safe limit for long-term consumption of fluoride in drinking water. Some countries have a different standard, However, 1.5 mg/l is widely recognized as the standard limit.
Which one of the following organisms is responsible for enteric fever ?- a)ECHO
- b)Salmonella typhi
- c)Entamoeba histolytica
- d)Echinococcus
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following organisms is responsible for enteric fever ?
a)
ECHO
b)
Salmonella typhi
c)
Entamoeba histolytica
d)
Echinococcus
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'B', Salmonella typhi.
Enteric fever, also known as typhoid fever, is a bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi. This organism is a gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium that is typically acquired through the consumption of contaminated food or water. Salmonella typhi infects the small intestine and can cause symptoms such as fever, abdominal pain, weakness, and constipation or diarrhea. It can also cause serious complications such as intestinal bleeding, perforation, and inflammation of the gallbladder.
ECHO (Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan) is a group of viruses that cause diarrhea and are not related to enteric fever. Entamoeba histolytica is a parasitic protozoan that causes amoebiasis and Echinococcus is the causative agent of Echinococcosis, a parasitic infection.
Phenolphthalein indicator is used to determine the alkalinity above pH- a)8.3
- b)7.0
- c)6.5
- d)4.5
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Phenolphthalein indicator is used to determine the alkalinity above pH
a)
8.3
b)
7.0
c)
6.5
d)
4.5
|
|
Milan Ghosh answered |
Phenolphthalein is a commonly used pH indicator in chemistry. It is a colorless compound that turns pink or purple in the presence of a base or alkaline solution. In this question, phenolphthalein is used to determine the alkalinity of a solution.
**Alkalinity and pH:**
Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of a solution to neutralize acids. It is related to the pH of the solution, which is a measure of its acidity or basicity. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidity, values above 7 indicating alkalinity, and a pH of 7 being neutral.
**Phenolphthalein as an Indicator:**
Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator that changes color within a specific pH range. It is colorless in acidic solutions (pH < 8.3)="" and="" turns="" pink="" or="" purple="" in="" the="" presence="" of="" alkaline="" solutions="" (ph="" /> 8.3). This makes it an ideal indicator for determining alkalinity.
**Determining Alkalinity:**
To determine the alkalinity of a solution using phenolphthalein, a few drops of the indicator are added to the solution. If the solution turns pink or purple, it indicates that the pH is above 8.3 and therefore alkaline. If the solution remains colorless, it means the pH is below 8.3 and therefore acidic or neutral.
**Choice of pH Value:**
In this question, the correct answer is option 'A', which states that phenolphthalein is used to determine alkalinity above pH 8.3. This is because phenolphthalein undergoes a color change at pH levels above 8.3, making it suitable for identifying alkaline solutions.
**Summary:**
Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator that turns pink or purple in the presence of alkaline solutions. It is used to determine alkalinity by adding a few drops of the indicator to the solution and observing the color change. In this question, the correct answer is option 'A' because phenolphthalein is used to determine alkalinity above pH 8.3.
**Alkalinity and pH:**
Alkalinity is a measure of the capacity of a solution to neutralize acids. It is related to the pH of the solution, which is a measure of its acidity or basicity. The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, with values below 7 indicating acidity, values above 7 indicating alkalinity, and a pH of 7 being neutral.
**Phenolphthalein as an Indicator:**
Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator that changes color within a specific pH range. It is colorless in acidic solutions (pH < 8.3)="" and="" turns="" pink="" or="" purple="" in="" the="" presence="" of="" alkaline="" solutions="" (ph="" /> 8.3). This makes it an ideal indicator for determining alkalinity.
**Determining Alkalinity:**
To determine the alkalinity of a solution using phenolphthalein, a few drops of the indicator are added to the solution. If the solution turns pink or purple, it indicates that the pH is above 8.3 and therefore alkaline. If the solution remains colorless, it means the pH is below 8.3 and therefore acidic or neutral.
**Choice of pH Value:**
In this question, the correct answer is option 'A', which states that phenolphthalein is used to determine alkalinity above pH 8.3. This is because phenolphthalein undergoes a color change at pH levels above 8.3, making it suitable for identifying alkaline solutions.
**Summary:**
Phenolphthalein is a pH indicator that turns pink or purple in the presence of alkaline solutions. It is used to determine alkalinity by adding a few drops of the indicator to the solution and observing the color change. In this question, the correct answer is option 'A' because phenolphthalein is used to determine alkalinity above pH 8.3.
The maximum safe permissible limit of chlorides in domestic water supplies is- a)0.5 mg/l
- b)2.5 mg/l
- c)250 mg/l
- d)100 mg/l
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The maximum safe permissible limit of chlorides in domestic water supplies is
a)
0.5 mg/l
b)
2.5 mg/l
c)
250 mg/l
d)
100 mg/l
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'C', 250 mg/l.
Chloride is an ion that is commonly found in water in the form of chloride ions (Cl-). The maximum safe permissible limit of chlorides in domestic water supplies is set by various organizations and authorities, such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). According to the WHO, the guideline value for chloride in drinking water is 250 mg/l, which is considered the maximum safe limit for long-term consumption of chloride in drinking water. However, some countries may have different standards, but 250 mg/l is widely recognized as a safe limit. A higher level of Chlorides can give a taste and odor issues and can corrode pipes and other metals.
Presence of nitrogen in a waste water sample is due to the decomposition of- a)carbohydrates
- b)proteins
- c)fats
- d)vitamins
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Presence of nitrogen in a waste water sample is due to the decomposition of
a)
carbohydrates
b)
proteins
c)
fats
d)
vitamins
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'B', Proteins.
Nitrogen is an essential element found in many organic compounds, including proteins. The decomposition of proteins results in the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds such as ammonia and nitrite. These compounds can be found in wastewater samples due to the presence of organic matter such as food waste, human waste and other biological materials. The decomposition of carbohydrates, fats, and vitamins do not generally result in the formation of nitrogen-containing compounds, so option B is the correct answer.
Orthotolidine test is used for determination of- a)Dissolved oxygen
- b)Residual chlorine
- c)Biochemical oxygen demand
- d)Dose of coagulant
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Orthotolidine test is used for determination of
a)
Dissolved oxygen
b)
Residual chlorine
c)
Biochemical oxygen demand
d)
Dose of coagulant
|
|
Baishali Bajaj answered |
Orthotolidine (OT) test
Enables Total, free and combined chlorine in water to be determined with speed and accuracy The reagent is ‘analytical grade Orthotolidine’, dissolved in 10% solution of HCl When this reagent is added to the water containing chlorine , it turns yellow The intensity of yellow colour is proportional to the concentration of chlorine This yellow colour is produced by both free and combined 〖Cl〗_2 residuals However, OT reacts with free chlorine instantaneously but reacts more slowly with combined chlorine Add 0.1 ml of reagent to I ml of water Yellow color is produced and matched against charts within 10 sec, this gives the amount of ‘free chlorine ’ The yellow color appearing after a few minutes, gives the amount of ‘Total chlorine ’
The orthotolidine test, however, is not accurate, because the impurities such as iron, manganese, nitrate etc., are likely to cause a false yellow color, and indicating wrong and increased chlorine residual.
Scour valves are provided- a)at the street corners to control the flow
- b)at the dead ends to drain out the wastewater
- c)at every summit of the rising main
- d)at the foot of the rising main along the slope, to prevent back running of water
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Scour valves are provided
a)
at the street corners to control the flow
b)
at the dead ends to drain out the wastewater
c)
at every summit of the rising main
d)
at the foot of the rising main along the slope, to prevent back running of water
|
Yashvi Choudhury answered |
Scour valves in wastewater systems
Scour valves are an essential component of wastewater systems. They are used to remove sediment and other debris from the pipes and prevent blockages. Scour valves are typically located at dead ends in the system where sediment tends to accumulate.
The correct answer to the question is option B - scour valves are provided at the dead ends to drain out the wastewater. Here's why:
Preventing blockages
Scour valves are designed to flush out sediment and debris from the pipes. Dead ends in the system are particularly prone to blockages as sediment tends to accumulate there. By installing scour valves at these points, wastewater can be drained out and the sediment removed before it causes a blockage.
Efficient operation
Blockages in wastewater systems can cause backups and overflows, which can be costly and dangerous. By installing scour valves, the system can operate more efficiently and with fewer disruptions. Regular maintenance of the valves can help prevent blockages and ensure the system operates smoothly.
Other locations
While scour valves are primarily located at dead ends, they may also be used at other points in the system where sediment and debris tend to accumulate. This could include areas with low flow rates or changes in pipe diameter. The location of scour valves will depend on the specific design of the wastewater system.
Conclusion
Scour valves play an important role in the operation and maintenance of wastewater systems. They are typically located at dead ends in the system to prevent blockages and ensure the system operates efficiently. By regularly maintaining scour valves, wastewater systems can operate smoothly and with fewer disruptions.
Scour valves are an essential component of wastewater systems. They are used to remove sediment and other debris from the pipes and prevent blockages. Scour valves are typically located at dead ends in the system where sediment tends to accumulate.
The correct answer to the question is option B - scour valves are provided at the dead ends to drain out the wastewater. Here's why:
Preventing blockages
Scour valves are designed to flush out sediment and debris from the pipes. Dead ends in the system are particularly prone to blockages as sediment tends to accumulate there. By installing scour valves at these points, wastewater can be drained out and the sediment removed before it causes a blockage.
Efficient operation
Blockages in wastewater systems can cause backups and overflows, which can be costly and dangerous. By installing scour valves, the system can operate more efficiently and with fewer disruptions. Regular maintenance of the valves can help prevent blockages and ensure the system operates smoothly.
Other locations
While scour valves are primarily located at dead ends, they may also be used at other points in the system where sediment and debris tend to accumulate. This could include areas with low flow rates or changes in pipe diameter. The location of scour valves will depend on the specific design of the wastewater system.
Conclusion
Scour valves play an important role in the operation and maintenance of wastewater systems. They are typically located at dead ends in the system to prevent blockages and ensure the system operates efficiently. By regularly maintaining scour valves, wastewater systems can operate smoothly and with fewer disruptions.
Which one of the following tests of water/ wastewater employs Erichrome Black T as an indicator ?- a)Hardness
- b)COD
- c)Residual chlorine
- d)DO
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which one of the following tests of water/ wastewater employs Erichrome Black T as an indicator ?
a)
Hardness
b)
COD
c)
Residual chlorine
d)
DO
|
|
Bhaskar Rane answered |
Answer:
Erichrome Black T is an indicator that is commonly used in the determination of water hardness. The indicator forms a complex with metal ions, particularly calcium and magnesium ions, which are the main contributors to water hardness.
Water Hardness Test:
Water hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions present in water. It is an important parameter to assess the quality of water, as high levels of hardness can cause scaling and other problems in water distribution systems and household appliances.
To determine water hardness, a sample of water is titrated with a solution of Erichrome Black T indicator. The indicator changes color when it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in the water. The endpoint of the titration is reached when the color of the indicator changes from blue to pink or purple. The volume of the titrant solution required to reach the endpoint is then used to calculate the hardness of the water.
Other Tests:
a) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic compounds in water. Erichrome Black T is not used as an indicator in COD tests.
b) Residual Chlorine: Residual chlorine is the amount of chlorine remaining in water after disinfection. Erichrome Black T is not used as an indicator in residual chlorine tests.
c) DO (Dissolved Oxygen): DO is a measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Erichrome Black T is not used as an indicator in DO tests.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Hardness. Erichrome Black T is commonly employed as an indicator in water hardness tests.
Erichrome Black T is an indicator that is commonly used in the determination of water hardness. The indicator forms a complex with metal ions, particularly calcium and magnesium ions, which are the main contributors to water hardness.
Water Hardness Test:
Water hardness refers to the concentration of calcium and magnesium ions present in water. It is an important parameter to assess the quality of water, as high levels of hardness can cause scaling and other problems in water distribution systems and household appliances.
To determine water hardness, a sample of water is titrated with a solution of Erichrome Black T indicator. The indicator changes color when it reacts with the calcium and magnesium ions present in the water. The endpoint of the titration is reached when the color of the indicator changes from blue to pink or purple. The volume of the titrant solution required to reach the endpoint is then used to calculate the hardness of the water.
Other Tests:
a) COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand): COD is a measure of the amount of oxygen required to chemically oxidize organic and inorganic compounds in water. Erichrome Black T is not used as an indicator in COD tests.
b) Residual Chlorine: Residual chlorine is the amount of chlorine remaining in water after disinfection. Erichrome Black T is not used as an indicator in residual chlorine tests.
c) DO (Dissolved Oxygen): DO is a measure of the amount of oxygen dissolved in water. Erichrome Black T is not used as an indicator in DO tests.
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'A' - Hardness. Erichrome Black T is commonly employed as an indicator in water hardness tests.
Which is the best sewer material to resist hydrogen sulphide corrosion ?
- a)Glazed stoneware
- b)Glazed earthenware
- c)RCC
- d)Brick masonry
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which is the best sewer material to resist hydrogen sulphide corrosion ?
a)
Glazed stoneware
b)
Glazed earthenware
c)
RCC
d)
Brick masonry
|
Rajat Patel answered |
Best Sewer Material to Resist Hydrogen Sulphide Corrosion: Glazed Stoneware
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a highly corrosive gas that is commonly found in sewer systems. It is produced by the decomposition of organic matter and can cause significant damage to sewer pipes and infrastructure if not properly managed. Therefore, it is crucial to select the right sewer material that can resist hydrogen sulphide corrosion effectively.
1. Glazed Stoneware:
Glazed stoneware is considered the best sewer material to resist hydrogen sulphide corrosion. Here's why:
- Chemical Resistance: Glazed stoneware has excellent resistance to chemical attacks, including hydrogen sulphide. The glazing forms a protective barrier on the surface of the pipe, preventing the gas from directly contacting the pipe material and reducing the risk of corrosion.
- Durability: Glazed stoneware pipes are highly durable and can withstand the harsh conditions of sewer systems. They have a long service life and require minimal maintenance, making them a cost-effective option in the long run.
- Smooth Surface: The glazed surface of stoneware pipes offers a smooth interior, reducing the chances of debris buildup and clogging. This smoothness also facilitates efficient flow and prevents the formation of hydrogen sulphide pockets, which can accelerate corrosion.
- Structural Integrity: Glazed stoneware pipes have excellent structural integrity and can withstand the external loads and pressures exerted on them. This makes them suitable for both gravity and pressure sewer systems.
- Resistance to Abrasion: Glazed stoneware pipes are resistant to abrasion caused by solid particles present in the wastewater. This further enhances their durability and longevity.
- Installation Flexibility: Glazed stoneware pipes are available in various lengths and diameters, allowing for flexible installation in different sewer system configurations. They can be easily joined using reliable and leak-resistant methods such as rubber ring joints or mortar joints.
While other materials like glazed earthenware, RCC, and brick masonry may offer some resistance to hydrogen sulphide corrosion, glazed stoneware outperforms them in terms of chemical resistance, durability, smoothness, structural integrity, and resistance to abrasion. It is a reliable and widely accepted choice for sewer systems in areas where hydrogen sulphide corrosion is a concern.
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is a highly corrosive gas that is commonly found in sewer systems. It is produced by the decomposition of organic matter and can cause significant damage to sewer pipes and infrastructure if not properly managed. Therefore, it is crucial to select the right sewer material that can resist hydrogen sulphide corrosion effectively.
1. Glazed Stoneware:
Glazed stoneware is considered the best sewer material to resist hydrogen sulphide corrosion. Here's why:
- Chemical Resistance: Glazed stoneware has excellent resistance to chemical attacks, including hydrogen sulphide. The glazing forms a protective barrier on the surface of the pipe, preventing the gas from directly contacting the pipe material and reducing the risk of corrosion.
- Durability: Glazed stoneware pipes are highly durable and can withstand the harsh conditions of sewer systems. They have a long service life and require minimal maintenance, making them a cost-effective option in the long run.
- Smooth Surface: The glazed surface of stoneware pipes offers a smooth interior, reducing the chances of debris buildup and clogging. This smoothness also facilitates efficient flow and prevents the formation of hydrogen sulphide pockets, which can accelerate corrosion.
- Structural Integrity: Glazed stoneware pipes have excellent structural integrity and can withstand the external loads and pressures exerted on them. This makes them suitable for both gravity and pressure sewer systems.
- Resistance to Abrasion: Glazed stoneware pipes are resistant to abrasion caused by solid particles present in the wastewater. This further enhances their durability and longevity.
- Installation Flexibility: Glazed stoneware pipes are available in various lengths and diameters, allowing for flexible installation in different sewer system configurations. They can be easily joined using reliable and leak-resistant methods such as rubber ring joints or mortar joints.
While other materials like glazed earthenware, RCC, and brick masonry may offer some resistance to hydrogen sulphide corrosion, glazed stoneware outperforms them in terms of chemical resistance, durability, smoothness, structural integrity, and resistance to abrasion. It is a reliable and widely accepted choice for sewer systems in areas where hydrogen sulphide corrosion is a concern.
Breweries and distilleries preferably require- a)hard water
- b)soft water
- c)potable water
- d)None of these
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Breweries and distilleries preferably require
a)
hard water
b)
soft water
c)
potable water
d)
None of these
|
Mira Sharma answered |
In general, brewing water should be clean and free of any odors, such as chlorine or pond smells. Usually, good brewing water for conducting the mash and creating the wort should be moderately hard and have low-to-moderate alkalinity.
Which of the following cations impart(s) pseudohardness to water ?- a)Calcium only
- b)Magnesium only
- c)Calcium and magnesium
- d)Sodium
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following cations impart(s) pseudohardness to water ?
a)
Calcium only
b)
Magnesium only
c)
Calcium and magnesium
d)
Sodium
|
Aditya Deshmukh answered |
Monovalent cations impart pseudo-outer hardness. Hardness is the concentration of multivalent cations.
The per capita water demand include- a)domestic water demand only
- b)domestic and commercial demand
- c)domestic, commercial and industrial demand
- d)domestic, commercial, public, fire and industrial demand
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
The per capita water demand include
a)
domestic water demand only
b)
domestic and commercial demand
c)
domestic, commercial and industrial demand
d)
domestic, commercial, public, fire and industrial demand
|
|
Anirban Khanna answered |
The various type of water demands, which a city may have, may be broken down into the following classes:-
(1) Domestic water demand
(2) Industrial water demand
(3) Institution and commercial water demand
(4) Demand for Public use
(5) Fire demand
(6) Water required to compensate losses in wastes and theft.
By using economical diameter of water mains, the benefit obtained is in terms of- a)minimum pumping cost
- b)use of cheapest pipe
- c)minimum cost of pipe and pumping
- d)none of the above benefit is attained
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
By using economical diameter of water mains, the benefit obtained is in terms of
a)
minimum pumping cost
b)
use of cheapest pipe
c)
minimum cost of pipe and pumping
d)
none of the above benefit is attained
|
|
Nilanjan Chawla answered |
Minimum cost of pipe and pumping
To understand why the benefit obtained by using the economical diameter of water mains is in terms of the minimum cost of pipe and pumping, let's break down the concept and its implications.
Economical Diameter of Water Mains
The economical diameter of water mains refers to the pipe diameter that minimizes the cost of both the pipe itself and the energy required for pumping water through it. It is determined based on a balance between the initial cost of the pipe and the ongoing cost of pumping water through it.
Factors Affecting Cost
1. Pipe Cost: The cost of the pipe is directly related to its diameter. As the diameter increases, the cost of the pipe also increases. However, larger diameter pipes can carry more water and require less pumping energy, reducing ongoing operational costs.
2. Pumping Cost: The cost of pumping water through the pipe is determined by the energy required to overcome friction losses. Friction losses are dependent on the pipe diameter. Smaller diameter pipes have higher friction losses and require more energy to pump water through them, leading to increased operational costs.
Optimization of Cost
The goal is to find the diameter of the water main that minimizes the sum of the initial cost of the pipe and the ongoing pumping cost. This is achieved by balancing the cost of the pipe and the cost of pumping.
Implications
By using the economical diameter of water mains, the following benefits are attained:
1. Cost Efficiency: The cost of the pipe and the cost of pumping are optimized, resulting in the minimum overall cost. This ensures that the available budget is utilized efficiently.
2. Sustainable Approach: By minimizing the pumping energy required, the use of the cheapest pipe diameter reduces the overall energy consumption, making the system more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
3. Long-term Savings: The minimum cost of pipe and pumping translates into long-term savings for the water supply system. The reduced operational costs can free up funds for other essential maintenance and improvement projects.
In conclusion, the benefit obtained by using the economical diameter of water mains is in terms of the minimum cost of pipe and pumping. By finding the optimal balance between pipe cost and pumping cost, the overall cost of the water supply system is minimized, leading to cost efficiency, sustainability, and long-term savings.
To understand why the benefit obtained by using the economical diameter of water mains is in terms of the minimum cost of pipe and pumping, let's break down the concept and its implications.
Economical Diameter of Water Mains
The economical diameter of water mains refers to the pipe diameter that minimizes the cost of both the pipe itself and the energy required for pumping water through it. It is determined based on a balance between the initial cost of the pipe and the ongoing cost of pumping water through it.
Factors Affecting Cost
1. Pipe Cost: The cost of the pipe is directly related to its diameter. As the diameter increases, the cost of the pipe also increases. However, larger diameter pipes can carry more water and require less pumping energy, reducing ongoing operational costs.
2. Pumping Cost: The cost of pumping water through the pipe is determined by the energy required to overcome friction losses. Friction losses are dependent on the pipe diameter. Smaller diameter pipes have higher friction losses and require more energy to pump water through them, leading to increased operational costs.
Optimization of Cost
The goal is to find the diameter of the water main that minimizes the sum of the initial cost of the pipe and the ongoing pumping cost. This is achieved by balancing the cost of the pipe and the cost of pumping.
Implications
By using the economical diameter of water mains, the following benefits are attained:
1. Cost Efficiency: The cost of the pipe and the cost of pumping are optimized, resulting in the minimum overall cost. This ensures that the available budget is utilized efficiently.
2. Sustainable Approach: By minimizing the pumping energy required, the use of the cheapest pipe diameter reduces the overall energy consumption, making the system more sustainable and environmentally friendly.
3. Long-term Savings: The minimum cost of pipe and pumping translates into long-term savings for the water supply system. The reduced operational costs can free up funds for other essential maintenance and improvement projects.
In conclusion, the benefit obtained by using the economical diameter of water mains is in terms of the minimum cost of pipe and pumping. By finding the optimal balance between pipe cost and pumping cost, the overall cost of the water supply system is minimized, leading to cost efficiency, sustainability, and long-term savings.
The average domestic water consumption per capita per day for an Indian city, as per IS 1172-1963, may be taken as- a)135 l/c/d
- b)210 l/c/d
- c)240 l/c/d
- d)270 l/c/d
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The average domestic water consumption per capita per day for an Indian city, as per IS 1172-1963, may be taken as
a)
135 l/c/d
b)
210 l/c/d
c)
240 l/c/d
d)
270 l/c/d
|
|
Baishali Bajaj answered |
For domestic purposes :- 135 lpc to 225 lpc.
For industrial purposes :- 50 to 450 lpc.
What is the most common cause of acidity in water ?- a)Carbon monoxide
- b)Nitrogen
- c)Hydrogen
- d)Carbon dioxide
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
What is the most common cause of acidity in water ?
a)
Carbon monoxide
b)
Nitrogen
c)
Hydrogen
d)
Carbon dioxide
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'D', Carbon dioxide.
The most common cause of acidity in water is the presence of dissolved carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide is a naturally occurring gas that dissolves in water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). This acidity can be caused by a number of factors, such as the dissolution of CO2 from the atmosphere or from natural sources such as volcanic activity or the weathering of rocks and minerals. In addition, human activities such as the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation can also contribute to the acidity of water by increasing the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere. Carbon dioxide-induced acidity can have a negative impact on aquatic life and also on the infrastructure of water treatment plants.
Electrical conductivity (EC) of water and total dissolved solids (TDS) are interrelated. The value of EC will- a)decreases with increase in TDS
- b)increases with increase in TDS
- c)decreases initially and then increase with increase in TDS
- d)increases initially and then decrease with increase in TDS
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Electrical conductivity (EC) of water and total dissolved solids (TDS) are interrelated. The value of EC will
a)
decreases with increase in TDS
b)
increases with increase in TDS
c)
decreases initially and then increase with increase in TDS
d)
increases initially and then decrease with increase in TDS
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'B', increases with increase in TDS.
Electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) are closely related parameters that are used to measure the ionic content of water. EC is a measure of the ability of water to conduct an electrical current, which is directly proportional to the concentration of dissolved ions in the water. TDS is a measure of the total amount of dissolved inorganic and organic compounds in the water.
As the concentration of dissolved ions increases, the water becomes a better conductor of electricity and EC will increase. As TDS increases, EC also increases. So, option 'B' is correct.
In which one of the following tests is the organic matter in the waste mater used as food by micro-organisms?- a)BOD
- b)Most probable number
- c)COD
- d)Chlorine demand
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
In which one of the following tests is the organic matter in the waste mater used as food by micro-organisms?
a)
BOD
b)
Most probable number
c)
COD
d)
Chlorine demand
|
|
Avinash Mehta answered |
The correct answer is option 'A', BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand).
The BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) test is a measure of the amount of oxygen that is consumed by microorganisms as they degrade the organic matter present in a water or wastewater sample. The test measures the decrease in dissolved oxygen (DO) in a water sample over a specific period of time (usually 5 days) at a specific temperature (usually 20�C). The test is based on the principle that the organic matter present in a water sample can be used as a food source by microorganisms, leading to a decrease in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water. The BOD test is widely used to measure the organic pollution of surface water and to determine the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants.
Water is considered ‘hard’, if its hardness is of the order of
- a)50 ppm
- b)100 ppm
- c)200 ppm
- d)300 ppm
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Water is considered ‘hard’, if its hardness is of the order of
a)
50 ppm
b)
100 ppm
c)
200 ppm
d)
300 ppm
|
|
Janhavi Datta answered |
Water hardness is typically measured in parts per million (ppm) of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). The hardness of water is classified as follows:
- Soft: 0-60 ppm
- Moderately hard: 61-120 ppm
- Hard: 121-180 ppm
- Very hard: 180 ppm and above
The growth of population can be conveniently represented by a curve, which is amenable to mathematical solution. The type of this curve is- a)semilog curve
- b)straight line curve
- c)logistic curve
- d)exponential curve
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The growth of population can be conveniently represented by a curve, which is amenable to mathematical solution. The type of this curve is
a)
semilog curve
b)
straight line curve
c)
logistic curve
d)
exponential curve
|
Rajeev Menon answered |
When resources are limited, populations exhibit logistic growth. In logistic growth, population expansion decreases as resources become scarce, leveling off when the carrying capacity of the environment is reached, resulting in an S-shaped curve.
A logistic growth curve is an S-shaped (sigmoidal) curve that can be used to model functions that increase gradually at first, more rapidly in the middle growth period, and slowly at the end, leveling off at a maximum value after some period of time.
The chemical most commonly used to increase speed of sedimentation of sewage is- a)Sulphuric acid
- b)Copper sulphate
- c)Lime
- d)Sodium permanganate
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The chemical most commonly used to increase speed of sedimentation of sewage is
a)
Sulphuric acid
b)
Copper sulphate
c)
Lime
d)
Sodium permanganate
|
Neha Choudhury answered |
Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral in which oxides, and hydroxides predominate. In the strict sense of the term, lime is calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.
Which of the following causes a decrease in per capita consumption?- a) Use of metering system
- b) Good quality of water
- c) Better standard of living of the people
- d) Hotter climate
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
Which of the following causes a decrease in per capita consumption?
a)
Use of metering system
b)
Good quality of water
c)
Better standard of living of the people
d)
Hotter climate
|
Bhargavi Sengupta answered |
Metering System and Decrease in Per Capita Consumption
Metering system is a mechanism that measures and records the consumption of water by households, industries, and commercial establishments. It is an effective tool for water conservation and management. The following points explain how the use of a metering system causes a decrease in per capita consumption.
1. Awareness: Metering system creates awareness among the users about the amount of water they consume. It helps them to understand the value of water and motivates them to use it judiciously.
2. Incentives: Some metering systems provide incentives to the users who consume less water. For example, a household that consumes less than a certain limit of water may get a discount on their water bill. Such incentives encourage people to conserve water.
3. Leakage detection: Metering system helps in detecting leakages in the distribution system. It enables the authorities to identify and fix the leaks promptly, thereby reducing water loss.
4. Tariff structure: Metering system allows the authorities to implement a tariff structure based on the actual consumption of water. It encourages people to use water efficiently and discourages wasteful consumption.
5. Planning: Metering system provides accurate data on water consumption, which helps in planning and managing the water supply. It enables the authorities to allocate water resources effectively and efficiently.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of a metering system causes a decrease in per capita consumption by creating awareness, providing incentives, detecting leakages, implementing a tariff structure, and facilitating planning and management of water resources. It is an effective tool for water conservation and management.
Metering system is a mechanism that measures and records the consumption of water by households, industries, and commercial establishments. It is an effective tool for water conservation and management. The following points explain how the use of a metering system causes a decrease in per capita consumption.
1. Awareness: Metering system creates awareness among the users about the amount of water they consume. It helps them to understand the value of water and motivates them to use it judiciously.
2. Incentives: Some metering systems provide incentives to the users who consume less water. For example, a household that consumes less than a certain limit of water may get a discount on their water bill. Such incentives encourage people to conserve water.
3. Leakage detection: Metering system helps in detecting leakages in the distribution system. It enables the authorities to identify and fix the leaks promptly, thereby reducing water loss.
4. Tariff structure: Metering system allows the authorities to implement a tariff structure based on the actual consumption of water. It encourages people to use water efficiently and discourages wasteful consumption.
5. Planning: Metering system provides accurate data on water consumption, which helps in planning and managing the water supply. It enables the authorities to allocate water resources effectively and efficiently.
Conclusion
In conclusion, the use of a metering system causes a decrease in per capita consumption by creating awareness, providing incentives, detecting leakages, implementing a tariff structure, and facilitating planning and management of water resources. It is an effective tool for water conservation and management.
The standard turbidity produced by one mg of silicon dioxide (silica) in one litre of distilled water, is called- a)one Jackson turbidity unit (JTU)
- b)one Formazin turbidity unit (FTU)
- c)one Nephelometry turbidity unit (NTU)
- d)None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
The standard turbidity produced by one mg of silicon dioxide (silica) in one litre of distilled water, is called
a)
one Jackson turbidity unit (JTU)
b)
one Formazin turbidity unit (FTU)
c)
one Nephelometry turbidity unit (NTU)
d)
None of the above
|
|
Aditya Deshmukh answered |
Originally turbidity was determined by measuring the depth of column of liquid required to cause the image of a candle flame at the bottom to diffuse into a uniform glow. This was measured by Jackson candle turbidity meter. The calibration was done based on suspensions of silica from Fuller's earth. The depth of sample in the tube was read against the part per million (ppm) silica scale with one ppm of suspended silica called one Jackson Turbidity unit (JTU).
Consider the following statements :The basic difference between water pipes and sewer pipes is1. in the material used for the pipes2. in the pressure of the liquid flow3. in the suspended solids they carryWhich of these statements is/are correct ?- a)1 and 3
- b)1 only
- c)2 and 3
- d)1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
Consider the following statements :
The basic difference between water pipes and sewer pipes is
1. in the material used for the pipes
2. in the pressure of the liquid flow
3. in the suspended solids they carry
Which of these statements is/are correct ?
a)
1 and 3
b)
1 only
c)
2 and 3
d)
1, 2 and 3
|
Sagnik Sen answered |
Basic difference between water pipes and sewer pipes
Material Used
Water pipes and sewer pipes are different in the material used for their construction. Water pipes are made of materials like copper, PVC, and galvanized steel, whereas sewer pipes are made of vitrified clay, PVC, or concrete.
Pressure of Liquid Flow
The pressure of liquid flow is not a significant difference between water pipes and sewer pipes. Both types of pipes can withstand high pressures of liquid flow.
Suspended Solids
Sewer pipes carry suspended solids, while water pipes do not. The suspended solids in sewer pipes include human waste, food scraps, and other organic matter. Water pipes carry only clean water that is safe for drinking.
Correct Answer
Therefore, the correct answer is option C, which states that the basic difference between water pipes and sewer pipes is in the material used for the pipes and the suspended solids they carry.
Material Used
Water pipes and sewer pipes are different in the material used for their construction. Water pipes are made of materials like copper, PVC, and galvanized steel, whereas sewer pipes are made of vitrified clay, PVC, or concrete.
Pressure of Liquid Flow
The pressure of liquid flow is not a significant difference between water pipes and sewer pipes. Both types of pipes can withstand high pressures of liquid flow.
Suspended Solids
Sewer pipes carry suspended solids, while water pipes do not. The suspended solids in sewer pipes include human waste, food scraps, and other organic matter. Water pipes carry only clean water that is safe for drinking.
Correct Answer
Therefore, the correct answer is option C, which states that the basic difference between water pipes and sewer pipes is in the material used for the pipes and the suspended solids they carry.
The maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is- a)1.0 ppm
- b)0.05 ppm
- c)0.3 ppm
- d)0.03 ppm
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?
The maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is
a)
1.0 ppm
b)
0.05 ppm
c)
0.3 ppm
d)
0.03 ppm
|
|
Manasa Bose answered |
The maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is 0.3 ppm (parts per million). This means that for every million parts of water, there should be no more than 0.3 parts of iron.
Iron is a common element found naturally in the environment, including water sources. While it is an essential nutrient for human health, excessive levels of iron in water can have negative effects on both the water quality and human health.
Excessive levels of iron in water can cause several issues, including:
1. Aesthetic problems: Iron can cause water to have a metallic taste and an unpleasant odor. It can also cause staining of plumbing fixtures, laundry, and other household items.
2. Water quality issues: High levels of iron can lead to the formation of iron deposits or precipitates in water, resulting in turbidity and discoloration. This can affect the clarity and appearance of the water.
3. Corrosion: Iron can accelerate the corrosion of pipes and plumbing fixtures, leading to increased maintenance and repair costs. It can also cause the release of other contaminants, such as lead, into the water.
To ensure that the water is safe and meets the desired quality standards, regulatory bodies and health organizations have established maximum allowable concentration limits for iron and other contaminants in water.
The maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is set at 0.3 ppm based on several factors, including:
1. Aesthetic considerations: Iron concentrations above 0.3 ppm can result in visible staining and discoloration of water and other materials. This can be aesthetically unappealing and may decrease the overall quality of the water.
2. Health considerations: While iron is an essential nutrient, excessive intake of iron from water sources can have adverse health effects. High levels of iron in water have been associated with gastrointestinal issues, such as stomach cramps and diarrhea. People with certain health conditions, such as hemochromatosis, may be more sensitive to iron in water.
3. Treatment feasibility: Treating water to remove iron can be costly and technically challenging. By setting the maximum allowable concentration at 0.3 ppm, it ensures that water treatment facilities can effectively remove iron to meet the desired quality standards.
Overall, the maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is set at 0.3 ppm to ensure that the water is aesthetically pleasing, free from discoloration and staining, and does not pose significant health risks to the consumers.
Iron is a common element found naturally in the environment, including water sources. While it is an essential nutrient for human health, excessive levels of iron in water can have negative effects on both the water quality and human health.
Excessive levels of iron in water can cause several issues, including:
1. Aesthetic problems: Iron can cause water to have a metallic taste and an unpleasant odor. It can also cause staining of plumbing fixtures, laundry, and other household items.
2. Water quality issues: High levels of iron can lead to the formation of iron deposits or precipitates in water, resulting in turbidity and discoloration. This can affect the clarity and appearance of the water.
3. Corrosion: Iron can accelerate the corrosion of pipes and plumbing fixtures, leading to increased maintenance and repair costs. It can also cause the release of other contaminants, such as lead, into the water.
To ensure that the water is safe and meets the desired quality standards, regulatory bodies and health organizations have established maximum allowable concentration limits for iron and other contaminants in water.
The maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is set at 0.3 ppm based on several factors, including:
1. Aesthetic considerations: Iron concentrations above 0.3 ppm can result in visible staining and discoloration of water and other materials. This can be aesthetically unappealing and may decrease the overall quality of the water.
2. Health considerations: While iron is an essential nutrient, excessive intake of iron from water sources can have adverse health effects. High levels of iron in water have been associated with gastrointestinal issues, such as stomach cramps and diarrhea. People with certain health conditions, such as hemochromatosis, may be more sensitive to iron in water.
3. Treatment feasibility: Treating water to remove iron can be costly and technically challenging. By setting the maximum allowable concentration at 0.3 ppm, it ensures that water treatment facilities can effectively remove iron to meet the desired quality standards.
Overall, the maximum allowable concentration of iron in water is set at 0.3 ppm to ensure that the water is aesthetically pleasing, free from discoloration and staining, and does not pose significant health risks to the consumers.
Higher quantities of copper, more than 2.5 mg/l or so, may cause diseases pertaining to- a)kidneys
- b)lungs
- c)lever
- d)arsenic
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
Higher quantities of copper, more than 2.5 mg/l or so, may cause diseases pertaining to
a)
kidneys
b)
lungs
c)
lever
d)
arsenic
|
|
Aniket Mehta answered |
Effects of High Copper Concentration on Lungs
Introduction: Copper is an essential micronutrient required for normal body function. However, higher quantities of copper can be toxic to human health.
Effects on Lungs: Inhalation of copper dust or fumes can cause irritation in the respiratory system, leading to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure to high levels of copper can lead to chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. Studies have also linked high copper exposure to lung cancer.
Safe Levels of Copper: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a safe limit for copper in drinking water at 2 mg/l. However, some studies suggest that higher levels of copper, up to 2.5 mg/l, may not pose a significant health risk.
Diseases Caused by High Copper Concentration: While high copper levels can affect various organs, it is primarily linked to lung diseases.
Therefore, higher quantities of copper, more than 2.5 mg/l or so, may cause diseases pertaining to lungs.
Introduction: Copper is an essential micronutrient required for normal body function. However, higher quantities of copper can be toxic to human health.
Effects on Lungs: Inhalation of copper dust or fumes can cause irritation in the respiratory system, leading to coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath. Prolonged exposure to high levels of copper can lead to chronic bronchitis and pneumonia. Studies have also linked high copper exposure to lung cancer.
Safe Levels of Copper: The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a safe limit for copper in drinking water at 2 mg/l. However, some studies suggest that higher levels of copper, up to 2.5 mg/l, may not pose a significant health risk.
Diseases Caused by High Copper Concentration: While high copper levels can affect various organs, it is primarily linked to lung diseases.
Therefore, higher quantities of copper, more than 2.5 mg/l or so, may cause diseases pertaining to lungs.
Pick up the correct statement(s)- a)turbidimeters are frequently used to measure turbidities of raw supplies
- b)turbidimeters are frequently installed on line in treatment plant, to measure turbidities of sedimented filtered waters
- c)Nephelometers are frequently used to check and measure the turbidities of final disinfected supplies
- d)All of the above
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
Pick up the correct statement(s)
a)
turbidimeters are frequently used to measure turbidities of raw supplies
b)
turbidimeters are frequently installed on line in treatment plant, to measure turbidities of sedimented filtered waters
c)
Nephelometers are frequently used to check and measure the turbidities of final disinfected supplies
d)
All of the above
|
|
Tanishq Rane answered |
Explanation:
Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended particles. It is an important parameter in water treatment processes as it can indicate the presence of impurities and affect the quality of the water supply. Turbidimeters and nephelometers are instruments commonly used to measure turbidity.
Turbidimeters:
Turbidimeters are devices specifically designed to measure the turbidity of a fluid. They work by shining light through the sample and measuring the amount of light scattered by the suspended particles. Turbidimeters are frequently used in various applications, including water treatment.
Statement (a): Turbidimeters are frequently used to measure turbidities of raw supplies
This statement is correct. Turbidimeters can be used to measure the turbidity of raw supplies, such as water from rivers, lakes, or groundwater sources, before any treatment processes. This helps in determining the initial quality of the supply and assessing the need for treatment.
Statement (b): Turbidimeters are frequently installed online in treatment plants to measure turbidities of sedimented filtered waters
This statement is also correct. Turbidimeters are commonly installed in water treatment plants to continuously monitor the turbidity of sedimented and filtered waters. This ensures that the treatment processes are effectively removing suspended particles and producing water that meets the required turbidity standards.
Nephelometers:
Nephelometers are instruments used to measure the scattering of light by suspended particles in a fluid. They are similar to turbidimeters but are more sensitive and can provide more detailed information about the size and concentration of the particles causing the turbidity.
Statement (c): Nephelometers are frequently used to check and measure the turbidities of final disinfected supplies
This statement is correct. Nephelometers are often used to check and measure the turbidity of final disinfected supplies, such as treated drinking water. After the water has undergone disinfection processes, it is important to ensure that the turbidity is within acceptable limits to guarantee the safety and quality of the water.
Conclusion:
All of the statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct. Turbidimeters are frequently used to measure turbidity in various stages of the water treatment process, including raw supplies and sedimented filtered waters. Nephelometers, on the other hand, are commonly used to measure turbidity in the final disinfected supplies.
Turbidity is a measure of the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by suspended particles. It is an important parameter in water treatment processes as it can indicate the presence of impurities and affect the quality of the water supply. Turbidimeters and nephelometers are instruments commonly used to measure turbidity.
Turbidimeters:
Turbidimeters are devices specifically designed to measure the turbidity of a fluid. They work by shining light through the sample and measuring the amount of light scattered by the suspended particles. Turbidimeters are frequently used in various applications, including water treatment.
Statement (a): Turbidimeters are frequently used to measure turbidities of raw supplies
This statement is correct. Turbidimeters can be used to measure the turbidity of raw supplies, such as water from rivers, lakes, or groundwater sources, before any treatment processes. This helps in determining the initial quality of the supply and assessing the need for treatment.
Statement (b): Turbidimeters are frequently installed online in treatment plants to measure turbidities of sedimented filtered waters
This statement is also correct. Turbidimeters are commonly installed in water treatment plants to continuously monitor the turbidity of sedimented and filtered waters. This ensures that the treatment processes are effectively removing suspended particles and producing water that meets the required turbidity standards.
Nephelometers:
Nephelometers are instruments used to measure the scattering of light by suspended particles in a fluid. They are similar to turbidimeters but are more sensitive and can provide more detailed information about the size and concentration of the particles causing the turbidity.
Statement (c): Nephelometers are frequently used to check and measure the turbidities of final disinfected supplies
This statement is correct. Nephelometers are often used to check and measure the turbidity of final disinfected supplies, such as treated drinking water. After the water has undergone disinfection processes, it is important to ensure that the turbidity is within acceptable limits to guarantee the safety and quality of the water.
Conclusion:
All of the statements (a), (b), and (c) are correct. Turbidimeters are frequently used to measure turbidity in various stages of the water treatment process, including raw supplies and sedimented filtered waters. Nephelometers, on the other hand, are commonly used to measure turbidity in the final disinfected supplies.
One True Colour Unit (TCU) is the colour produced by- a)one mg of formazin in one litre of distilled water
- b)one mg of silicon in one litre of distilled water
- c)one mg of ferric silicon in one litre of distilled water
- d)one mg of platinum as chloroplatinate ions in one litre of distilled water
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
One True Colour Unit (TCU) is the colour produced by
a)
one mg of formazin in one litre of distilled water
b)
one mg of silicon in one litre of distilled water
c)
one mg of ferric silicon in one litre of distilled water
d)
one mg of platinum as chloroplatinate ions in one litre of distilled water
|
|
Aditi Chakraborty answered |
One True Colour Unit (TCU)
a) One mg of formazin in one litre of distilled water
- Formazin is a synthetic polymer used as a standard for measuring turbidity in water.
- It is not directly related to color measurement and does not produce a specific color.
- Therefore, it does not represent One True Colour Unit (TCU).
b) One mg of silicon in one litre of distilled water
- Silicon is a chemical element that does not produce any specific color in water.
- It does not represent One True Colour Unit (TCU).
c) One mg of ferric silicon in one litre of distilled water
- Ferric silicon is an alloy of iron and silicon.
- It does not produce a specific color in water and does not represent One True Colour Unit (TCU).
d) One mg of platinum as chloroplatinate ions in one litre of distilled water
- Platinum as chloroplatinate ions is a complex compound that produces a specific color in water.
- The color produced by this compound is used as a standard for measuring color in water.
- It represents One True Colour Unit (TCU).
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - one mg of platinum as chloroplatinate ions in one litre of distilled water. This compound produces a specific color and is used as a standard for measuring color in water.
a) One mg of formazin in one litre of distilled water
- Formazin is a synthetic polymer used as a standard for measuring turbidity in water.
- It is not directly related to color measurement and does not produce a specific color.
- Therefore, it does not represent One True Colour Unit (TCU).
b) One mg of silicon in one litre of distilled water
- Silicon is a chemical element that does not produce any specific color in water.
- It does not represent One True Colour Unit (TCU).
c) One mg of ferric silicon in one litre of distilled water
- Ferric silicon is an alloy of iron and silicon.
- It does not produce a specific color in water and does not represent One True Colour Unit (TCU).
d) One mg of platinum as chloroplatinate ions in one litre of distilled water
- Platinum as chloroplatinate ions is a complex compound that produces a specific color in water.
- The color produced by this compound is used as a standard for measuring color in water.
- It represents One True Colour Unit (TCU).
Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - one mg of platinum as chloroplatinate ions in one litre of distilled water. This compound produces a specific color and is used as a standard for measuring color in water.
- a)a
- b)b
- c)c
- d)d
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
a)
a
b)
b
c)
c
d)
d
|
Atul Vetal answered |
I HAVE THE SAME QUESTION ???HOW CAST IRON PIPE HAS MORE LIFE ???
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