All questions of Fundamentals Of Human Geography for UPSC CSE Exam

Two sets of factors influence migration . one is push factors and the second one is pull factors.

push factors- they make place of origin seems to be less attractive.reasons - unemployment, poor health and medical facilities, epidemics, political unstability , unpleasant climate and more on.

pull factors- they make place of destination seems to be more attractive.reasons- better employment opportunities, good health medical and educational facilities, peace , pleasant climate , security of life and property, better transport and communication system etc.

It means how many women are there in 1000 of men. in current analysis india's sex ratio is about 1020 women per 1000 men.

Geography is the study of the earth's physical features, environment, and human societies. It is an extensive field that covers a range of topics, including physical geography, human geography, environmental geography, and more. The reach of geography can be understood in the following ways:

Comprehensive Reach:
Geography is a comprehensive subject that covers a range of topics, including physical features, climate, vegetation, landforms, natural resources, human societies, culture, economics, politics, and more. It provides a holistic understanding of the world we live in and how it functions.

Extensive Reach:
Geography has an extensive reach that covers the entire world. It studies the physical features of the earth, including oceans, mountains, and rivers, as well as the human societies that inhabit these regions. It helps us understand how different regions are interconnected and how they impact each other.

Numerous Applications:
Geography has numerous applications that make it an essential subject. It helps us understand the impact of climate change, natural disasters, and human activities on the environment. It also helps us make informed decisions about land use, conservation, and resource management.

Influence on Other Disciplines:
Geography has a significant influence on other disciplines, such as history, economics, sociology, and political science. It helps us understand how geography impacts human societies and how societies impact geography. It also helps us understand the historical and cultural contexts of different regions.

In conclusion, the reach of geography is extensive, and it covers a range of topics and applications. It helps us understand the world we live in and how it functions, and it has significant influence on other disciplines.

Asia and Its Population

Asia is the largest continent in the world, covering an area of 44,579,000 square kilometers. It is home to more than half of the world's population, with 4.5 billion people living in the region. The continent is divided into several regions, including Central Asia, East Asia, South Asia, Southeast Asia, and West Asia, each with its unique cultural, linguistic, and religious diversity.

Ten Most Populous Countries in Asia

According to the United Nations, the ten most populous countries in Asia are:

1. China - 1,439,323,776
2. India - 1,380,004,385
3. Indonesia - 273,523,615
4. Pakistan - 220,892,340
5. Bangladesh - 164,689,383
6. Japan - 126,476,461
7. Philippines - 109,581,078
8. Vietnam - 97,338,579
9. Iran - 84,927,000
10. Turkey - 84,339,067

How Many of the Ten Most Populous Countries Are Located in Asia?

To answer this question, we need to know the total number of countries in the top ten list that are located in Asia. The correct answer is option 'B', which means six out of the top ten most populous countries in Asia are located on the continent. These six countries are:

1. China
2. India
3. Indonesia
4. Pakistan
5. Bangladesh
6. Japan

Conclusion

In conclusion, Asia is the most populous continent in the world, with more than half of the world's population residing in the region. The top ten most populous countries in Asia are China, India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Japan, Philippines, Vietnam, Iran, and Turkey. Out of these ten countries, six are located in Asia, making option 'B' the correct answer.

Growth

See, geography has its roots in history as the process of adaptation, adjustment & modifications started from the very beginning of human lives on earth's surface. If you see the colonial period which is also a part of history, you'll get to know that exploration & description of ideas, materials, areas, etc. were a part of it which later helped in areal differentiation, spatial organization and more techniques.

The correct answer is option 'A', Bangladesh.

Explanation:
Bangladesh is a country located in South Asia. It is known for its rich cultural heritage and historical landmarks. One of the most famous landmarks in Bangladesh is the triangular-shaped pyramid with a broad base, known as the Boro Shona Mosque.

Boro Shona Mosque:
The Boro Shona Mosque is located in the village of Chapai Nawabganj in Bangladesh. It was built in the 15th century during the reign of Sultan Ruknuddin Barbak Shah, who was a ruler of the Bengal Sultanate. The mosque is also known as the Great Golden Mosque because of its golden exterior.

Architecture:
The Boro Shona Mosque is a unique example of Islamic architecture in Bangladesh. It is a triangular-shaped pyramid with a broad base, which is a rare feature in Islamic architecture. The mosque is made of brick and terracotta and is decorated with intricate carvings and designs.

The mosque has three domes on top of the triangular structure, which are also decorated with intricate designs. The interior of the mosque is also decorated with beautiful carvings and designs.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, Bangladesh is the country that has a triangular-shaped pyramid with a broad base, known as the Boro Shona Mosque. The mosque is a unique example of Islamic architecture and is a popular landmark in Bangladesh.

Understanding Semi-Clustered Settlements
Semi-clustered settlements occur due to various social, environmental, and economic factors, but the primary reason is often the segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village.
Key Reasons for Semi-Clustered Settlements
- Segregation of Communities:
- As communities grow, they may become fragmented due to social changes, economic opportunities, or cultural distinctions. This fragmentation leads to the formation of smaller, semi-clustered groups rather than maintaining a single, compact village.
- Changes in Land Use:
- When agricultural practices evolve or urbanization occurs, land that was once collectively used may be subdivided. This can lead to the establishment of smaller clusters as families or groups establish homes closer to their individual parcels of land.
- Social Dynamics:
- Changes in demographics, such as migration or shifts in family structure, can cause a once-unified community to disperse. Families may move to different areas while staying within proximity, creating semi-clustered patterns.
Other Factors (Less Influential)
- Availability of Water Sources:
- While this is a crucial factor for settlement formation, it often supports the initial establishment of a community rather than its fragmentation.
- Security Concerns:
- Security can play a role in how settlements are structured, but it is not the primary cause for the transition from compact to semi-clustered arrangements.
- Government Policies:
- Although policies can influence settlement patterns, they are often a response to existing community dynamics rather than the root cause of fragmentation.
In conclusion, the fragmentation of a large compact village into semi-clustered settlements is primarily driven by social dynamics, land use changes, and community segregation, highlighting the complex interplay of human interactions in shaping living environments.

According to the 2001 Census , the density of population in India was 324 persons per sq.km, which means that now 57 more people live in a square kilometer area in the country than the number that lived a decade ago. At the beginning of the twentieth century i.e in 1901 the density of India was as low as 77 and this steadily increased from one decade to another to reach 324 in 2001. The persons living in per sq.km. has increased by 21.3 per cent in 2001 as compared to 1991.

(Correct Answer:- C)


Quaternary sector are specialized tertiary activities in the ‘Knowledge Sector’ which demands a separate classification.
The quaternary sector is the intellectual aspect of the economy. It is the process which enables entrepreneurs to innovate and improve the quality of services offered in the economy.

Quinary Activity in Economics

Quinary activity is a type of economic activity that involves services that are typically performed by highly educated professionals. These services are often knowledge-based and require advanced skills and education. Quinary activities are considered to be the highest level of economic activity.

Examples of Quinary Activity

Quinary activities include services such as:

1. Advertising: Advertising is an activity that involves promoting products or services to potential customers. This activity requires a high level of creativity and communication skills.

2. Research and Development: Research and development involve activities that are aimed at creating new products, processes, or services. This activity requires a high level of scientific and technical knowledge.

3. Education: Education involves activities that are aimed at imparting knowledge and skills to students. This activity requires a high level of expertise in a particular field.

4. Healthcare: Healthcare involves activities that are aimed at providing medical care to people. This activity requires a high level of medical knowledge and expertise.

5. Government: Government activities involve services that are provided by the government to its citizens. This activity requires a high level of political and administrative knowledge.

Importance of Quinary Activity

Quinary activities are important for the development of a country's economy. They are often associated with high levels of innovation and creativity, which can lead to the development of new products and services. Quinary activities also require a high level of education and expertise, which can lead to the development of a highly skilled workforce.

Conclusion

In conclusion, quinary activities are a type of economic activity that involves services that are typically performed by highly educated professionals. These activities are important for the development of a country's economy and require a high level of education and expertise. Examples of quinary activities include advertising, research and development, education, healthcare, and government.

Primary activities are directly dependent on environment as these refer to
utilization of earth’s resources such as land,water,vegetation,building materials
and minerals.It includes ,hunting and gathering,pastoral
activities,fishing,forestry,agriculture,mining and quarrying. Primary sector refer to
that sector of the economy which uses natural resources to produce goods.
Primary sector dominates in underdeveloped countries.People engaged in primary activities are called red-collar workers due to the
outdoor nature of their work.

Hence, Primary activities are directly dependent on environment, proved above.
Hope it helps u.

Explanation:

People living in icy and extremely hot climates had to adapt to their harsh environments in order to survive. One of the most important ways they did this was through hunting. Hunting provided them with food, clothing, and other resources necessary for survival. Let's explore this in more detail:

Hunting in Icy Climates:

In icy climates, such as the Arctic, people relied on hunting to survive. They hunted animals such as seals, walruses, caribou, and polar bears. These animals provided them with meat, fat, and hides, which they used for clothing, shelter, and other necessities. They also used animal bones and antlers to make tools and weapons.

Hunting in Hot Climates:

In extremely hot climates, such as the Sahara Desert, people also relied on hunting to survive. They hunted animals such as gazelles, antelopes, and ostriches. These animals provided them with meat, hides, and bones, which they used for food, clothing, and tools. They also gathered fruits, nuts, and other edible plants.

Conclusion:

In both icy and extremely hot climates, hunting was a crucial way for people to survive. By hunting and gathering, they were able to adapt to their harsh environments and find the resources they needed to survive. While other activities such as weaving and herding may have played a role in some societies, hunting was a universal necessity for survival in these extreme climates.

The Island on which Nomadism is based is Madagascar. Nomadism is the practice of moving from one place to another with no permanent settlement. Madagascar, an island nation located off the coast of Southeast Africa, has a long history of nomadic cultures.

Madagascar's nomadic cultures
Madagascar's first inhabitants, the Malagasy, were believed to have arrived on the island around 2000 years ago. They were nomadic people who relied on hunting and gathering for their sustenance. Later, the arrival of Arab and African traders and settlers brought agriculture and pastoralism to the island.

Madagascar's pastoralist communities
The arrival of pastoralist communities in Madagascar brought about a new form of nomadism. These communities were primarily made up of cattle herders who moved their herds from one grazing area to another. The Betsileo and Bara people are two examples of pastoralist communities in Madagascar.

Madagascar's current nomadic communities
Today, there are still nomadic communities in Madagascar, such as the Mikea people. The Mikea people are hunter-gatherers who live deep in the forests of southwestern Madagascar. They move from one area of the forest to another in search of food and resources.

In conclusion, Madagascar is the island on which nomadism is based, with a long history of nomadic cultures and current nomadic communities such as the Mikea people.

Understanding Growth and Development
The distinction between growth and development is crucial in fields such as economics, sociology, and biology. Here’s a detailed explanation of option 'B'.
Growth: Quantitative and Value-Neutral
- Growth refers to an increase in size, number, or value.
- It is typically measured in numerical terms (e.g., GDP growth, population increase) and is objective.
- Growth does not inherently consider the quality or impact of that increase. For instance, a country may experience economic growth while income inequality rises, showing that growth can occur without a positive social impact.
Development: Qualitative and Value-Positive
- Development, on the other hand, involves improvements in quality of life, social welfare, and overall well-being.
- It is qualitative in nature, focusing on aspects such as education, health, and equity.
- Development is value-positive as it aims to enhance individual and collective capabilities, ensuring that progress benefits the broader community rather than just a numerical increase.
Key Differences
- Growth is about numbers and measurable metrics, while development emphasizes meaningful improvements.
- A country can grow economically without developing socially, indicating that these concepts, though related, address different aspects of progress.
In summary, while growth signifies an increase in measurable terms, development focuses on qualitative enhancements that positively affect individuals and society. Understanding this distinction is essential for policymakers and stakeholders aiming for sustainable progress.

Military Geography is a sub-field of geography. In order to understand why it falls under this category, it is important to have a clear understanding of what military geography entails and how it relates to other branches of geography.

1. Definition and Scope of Military Geography:
- Military geography is the study of the spatial aspects of military activities, including the analysis of how geography impacts military operations, strategies, and logistics.
- It involves examining the physical environment, terrain, climate, and other geographical factors that influence military decision-making.
- Military geography also considers the spatial distribution of military assets, such as bases, ports, and supply routes, as well as the geopolitical implications of military actions.

2. Relationship with Major Field of Geography:
- Geography as a major field encompasses various sub-disciplines, such as physical geography, human geography, and environmental geography.
- Military geography is a specialized sub-field that focuses specifically on the spatial aspects of military activities.
- It draws upon the principles and methodologies of these major fields, particularly physical geography (e.g., landforms, weather patterns) and human geography (e.g., population distribution, urban planning).

3. Distinction from Minor Field of Geography:
- A minor field of geography refers to a narrower area of study within a sub-discipline.
- Military geography, although specialized, is considered a sub-field due to its relatively broader scope compared to a minor field.
- While minor fields may focus on specific topics within military geography (e.g., military cartography, military intelligence), military geography itself encompasses a wider range of subjects.

4. Importance and Applications of Military Geography:
- Military geography plays a crucial role in military planning, intelligence gathering, and operational decision-making.
- It helps identify and assess the geographical advantages and challenges of a particular area, influencing the selection of military strategies and tactics.
- Military geography also contributes to understanding the geopolitical dynamics of conflicts and the impact of military activities on the environment.

In conclusion, military geography falls under the category of sub-field in geography due to its specialized focus on the spatial aspects of military activities. While it draws upon the principles of major fields like physical and human geography, its scope is broader than a minor field. Military geography is crucial in military planning and decision-making, as well as in understanding the geopolitical implications of military actions.

George B. Cressey, an American geographer, said that Asia has many places where people are few and few places where people are very many.

Reasoning:
Asia is the largest and the most populous continent in the world, with a wide range of geographic features and climatic conditions. Cressey's statement is based on his observation of the distribution of population in Asia. He noted that there are some regions in Asia where the population density is very high, while in other parts of Asia, the population density is very low.

Places where people are few:
1. Siberia: It is a vast region in the northern part of Asia, covering almost 77% of Russia's territory. Siberia is known for its harsh climate, with long, cold winters and short, cool summers. Due to its extreme climate and remote location, the population density in Siberia is very low.

2. Gobi Desert: It is a large desert region in Asia, covering parts of northern and northwestern China and southern Mongolia. The Gobi Desert is one of the most inhospitable places on Earth, with very little rainfall and extreme temperature variations. As a result, the population density in the Gobi Desert is very low.

Places where people are very many:
1. South Asia: It includes countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, which have a high population density due to their large population and small land area.

2. East Asia: It includes countries like China, Japan, and Korea, which are densely populated due to their large population and limited arable land.

Conclusion:
Cressey's statement highlights the diverse population distribution in Asia, with some regions having a high population density, while others have a low population density. This variation is due to factors such as climate, topography, and economic development.

Understanding the Human Development Index (HDI)
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a composite statistic used to measure a country's social and economic development. It focuses on three key dimensions: health, education, and standard of living. Among the options provided, the measure of human development used in HDI is:
Adult Literacy Rate
Key Components of HDI:
- Health: This is measured by life expectancy at birth, indicating the overall health and longevity of a population.
- Education: The HDI includes two indicators:
- Mean years of schooling: The average number of years of education received by people ages 25 and older.
- Adult literacy rate: This reflects the percentage of people aged 15 and older who can read and write, showcasing the educational attainment of the adult population.
- Standard of Living: This dimension is typically measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, adjusting for purchasing power parity.
Why Adult Literacy Rate Matters:
- Empowerment: Higher literacy rates empower individuals, enabling them to participate more fully in society and make informed decisions.
- Economic Growth: Education correlates with economic productivity and innovation, which are vital for national development.
- Social Benefits: Literacy contributes to better health outcomes and civic participation, enhancing societal well-being.
In summary, while GDP and military expenditure are important economic indicators, they do not directly measure human development. The adult literacy rate is crucial in evaluating educational access and quality, making it a key component of the Human Development Index.

The largest single market in the world is the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). ASEAN is a regional intergovernmental organization that was established on August 8, 1967, with the aim of promoting economic growth, social progress, and cultural development in Southeast Asia. It consists of ten member countries: Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, the Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.

I. The Size and Importance of ASEAN
- ASEAN has a combined population of over 650 million people, making it the third-largest population in the world after China and India.
- The GDP of ASEAN member countries combined is over $3 trillion, making it the fifth-largest economy in the world.
- ASEAN has a significant role in global trade, accounting for around 7% of global exports and 6% of global imports.
- The region is a major hub for manufacturing and trade, attracting investments from both within and outside the region.
- ASEAN has a diverse range of industries, including automotive, electronics, textiles, agro-based products, and services.

II. Advantages and Benefits of ASEAN Membership
- ASEAN membership provides access to a large and growing consumer market, with a rising middle class and increasing purchasing power.
- It offers a platform for regional cooperation and integration, fostering economic growth and development through trade liberalization and investment facilitation.
- ASEAN promotes the free flow of goods, services, investment, and skilled labor among member countries, creating opportunities for businesses and individuals.
- It provides a framework for resolving disputes and enhancing political stability and security in the region.
- ASEAN also facilitates cultural exchanges, tourism, and people-to-people connectivity, promoting understanding and collaboration among member countries.

III. ASEAN Economic Community (AEC)
- The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) is a key initiative aimed at creating a single market and production base within ASEAN.
- The AEC seeks to harmonize economic policies and regulations, remove trade barriers, and facilitate the free flow of goods, services, investment, and skilled labor.
- It aims to promote economic integration, competitiveness, and sustainable development in the region.
- The AEC also focuses on strengthening connectivity, infrastructure development, and digital transformation within ASEAN.

In conclusion, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is the largest single market in the world, offering significant economic opportunities and benefits for its member countries. Through its commitment to regional cooperation and integration, ASEAN has become a major player in global trade and investment, driving economic growth and development in Southeast Asia.