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All Exams  >   UPSC  >   Art, Architecture and Literature by Shahid Ali  >   All Questions

All questions of Topic-wise Tests for UPSC CSE Exam

Aarchaeologists discovered a six feet three inch statue in which country? 
  • a)
     Cambodia
  • b)
     Vietnam
  • c)
     Burma
  • d)
     Bhutan
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Vikas Choudhury answered
Archaeologists at Cambodia’s Angkor Wat temple complex studying the site of a hospital from eight to nine centuries ago say they have found a large statue in their excavations.

The government agency that oversees the complex, the Apsara Authority, said that the statue measuring six feet and three inches in height and 23 inches in width was discovered on 30th July 2017 by its team, working with experts from Singapore’s Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.

It is one of the largest statues from the era to be unearthed in recent years.

The agency said the statue, believed to be from the 12th or 13th century, is thought to have been a symbolic guardian of the entrance of the hospital.

It will be put on public exhibition in the museum in the northwestern province of Siem Reap, where Angkor is located.
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With reference to administration in Chola Empire, consider the following statements:
1. Nadu was the smallest unit of administration in Chola empire.
2. The villages in Chola empire practiced a system of self-government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Ritika Choudhury answered
Ur, a settlement of peasants was thes mallest unit of administration in Chola empire. Nadu was group of villages and formed a larger unit. Hence, Statement 1 is wrong.
The villages in Chola empire enjoyed self government,the village assemblies like mahasabha performed various  administrative functions including dispensing justice and collecting taxes. They could also settle newlands and exercise ownership rights over them. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

With reference to 'Shrenis'(guilds), which were associations formed by crafts persons and merchants, consider the following statements:
1. They find reference in Mandasore stone inscription.
2. They provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished product.
3. They also served as banks.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ritika Choudhury answered
  • Many crafts persons and merchants formed associations known as shrenis. They provided training, procured raw material and distributed the finished product. They also served as banks, where rich men and women deposited money. This was invested, and part of the interest was returned or used to support religious institutions such as monasteries.
  • Mandasor stone inscription (Madhya Pradesh) provides insights into nature of theseshrenis.

Consider the following statements with regard to the life spent by Hsuan Tsang, a Chinese traveller in
India:
1. He visited India during the rule of Chandragupta II.
2. He studied Buddhism at Taxila University.
3. He translated Buddhist texts written in Sanskrit into Chinese.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Shreya Mehta answered
  • Statement 1 and 2 are incorrect becauseHsuan Tsang visited during Harsha's rule . Hecame to India to study in the BuddhistUniversity of Nalanda and to collect Buddhisttexts from India. Under his influence, Harshabecame supporter of Buddhism. WhereasChandragupta II period or during Gupta Age,Buddhism no longer received royalpatronage and the Chinese traveller whovisited was Fa-Hsien . Chandraguptareceived education at Taxila University.Hence,Statement 3 is correct.
  • Hsuan Tsang translated mostly MahayanaBuddhist works written in Sanskrit inChinese.

Consider the following statements:
1. The subject matter of Ajanta paintings is almost exclusively Buddhist.
2. Both Hindu and Buddhist literature refer to paintings of various types.
3. Mural paintings are mostly secular in nature.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    1 and 2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Meera Chavan answered
  • The subject matter of Ajanta paintings is almost exclusively Buddhist, excepting decorative patterns on the ceilings and the pillars. They are mostly associated with the Jatakas, collection of stories, recording the previous births of the Lord Buddha.
  • Both Hindu and Buddhist literature refer to paintings of various types and techniques forexample, Lepyacitras, lekhacitras andDhulitcitras.
  • The murals chiefly depict religious scenesfrom the life of the Buddha and the Buddhist Jataka stories but we also have secularscenes.

With reference to Sufi movement in India, consider the following statements:
1. The Ba-shara tradition could not become significant in India as it followed the Islamic law (sharia).
2. Chishti and Suharwadi silsilahs were part of Ba- shara tradition.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Vandana Deshpande answered
  • The sufi orders are broadly divided into two:Ba-shara, that is, those which followed theIslamic law(shara) and be-shara, that is thosewhich were not bound by it. Both types oforders were significant in India, the laterbeing followed more by wandering saints.Although the saints didn't established anorder some of them became figures of populrveneration for Both Hindus and Muslims.
  • Of the ba-shara movements, two acquiredsignificant influence. These were Chisti andSuharwadi silsilahs. The Chisti andSuharwardi silsilahs which followed Ba-sharatradition acquired significance influence inIndia. Hence, statement 1 is wrong andstatement 2 is correct.

With reference to Buddhist literature, consider the following statements:
1. Milindapanho is a non-canonical Buddhist literature.
2. Jataka tales are canonical buddhist literature.
3. Therigatha literature describes the monk's experience of renunciation.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    1 and 2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Prasad Yadav answered
  • The Milindapanho, Buddhist text which datesfrom approximately 100 BC is record ofdialogue between Indo-Greek king Milinda'squestions on Buddhism to the sageNagasena therefore it is non-canonical.
  • Canonical literature are the one which laydown the basic tenets of religion or sect.
  • There stories of Buddha in Jataka talescontains the teachings and principles of Buddhism there fore it is canonical. It is thepart of Suttapitaka.
  • Therigatha literature contains the songs forBuddhist nuns and one of the earliestliterature created by women.
  • Suttapitaka contains teachings by Buddhahimself in a dialogue form.

With reference to Khajuraho temples, consider the following statements:
1. They are made of sandstone.
2. Both the interior and exterior walls are lavishly decorated with carvings.
3. Stellate plan style of temple making is followed
Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow.
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Harshitha Gupta answered
  • Khajuraho temples were patronised byChandella dynasty. Some of the features ofthe temples include:
    • The temples are made of sandstone.
    • Both the interior and exterior walls are lavishly decorated with carvings.Temple walls of the templespatronized by Solanki rulers weredevoid of any carvings.
    • Panchayatan style of temple makingis followed. Stellate plan style,whereby shrines are led out in theshape of an intricately designed star,is followed in Hoysala School of art.
    • The temples were generally north oreast facing.
    • The temples were built on relatively high platforms.
  • Examples - Lakshamana Temple, KandariyaMahadeva Temple.
  • Some Jain temples are also found inKhajuraho.

With reference to the 'Amara Nayaka' officers during Vijayanagar empire, consider the following
statements:
1. The title of Amara Nayakas, was given to military commanders only.
2. They were responsible for collection of taxes from peasants.
3. They had to maintain a stipulated contingent of horses and elephants.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 3 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Malavika Mukherjee answered
  • The system of Amara Nayakas was majorpolitical innovation of the Vijayanagaraempire. The amara nayakas were militarycommanders who were given territories togovern by the raya. Hence, statement 1 iscorrect.
  • They collected taxes and other dues from the peasants, craftpersons and traders in thearea. They retained part of the revenue forpersonnel use and for maintaining astipulated contingent of horses and elephants.
  • During the course of the seventeenthcentury, many of these nayaks establishedindependent kingdoms. This hastened thecollapse of the central imperial structure.Hence, statement 4 is correct.

With reference to reforms in land revenue administration by Sher Shah , consider the following
statements:
1. The assessment of land revenue was done on the basis of measurement of the sown land and peasant could pay only in cash.
2. A cess was introduced in order to provide protection against famine and other natural calamities.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Prerna Dasgupta answered
  • The assessment of land revenue was done onthe basis of the measurement of the land,however the peasants were given option ofpaying in cash or kind. Hence, statement 1 is wrong.
  • Sher shah introduced a ces at rate of twoand a half seers per bigha in order to guardagainst famine and other natural calamities.Hence, statement 2 is correct.

With reference to the history of ancient South India, consider the following statements regarding Pandya kingdom?
1. The Pandyas occupied the delta of the Kaveri river and the adjoining region.
2. Under the Pandyas, the capital Madurai and port city Korkai were great centres of trade and commerce.
3. Pandyan kings sent embassies to the Roman emperor.
Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow.
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Rishabh Singh answered
  • The Pandya kingdom occupied roughly the region of the modern districts of Tirunelveli, Ramnad and Madurai in Tamil Nadu. The capital of the kingdom was Madurai, The. Cholas occupied the delta of the Kaveri riverand the adjoining region So statement 1 is incorrect.
  • Under the Pandyas, the capital Madurai and port city Korkai were great centres of trade and commerce. So statement 2 is correct. The Pandyan kingdom was very wealthy and prosperous. The traders profited from trade with the Roman Empire. Pandya kings evensent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus and Trojan. So statement 3 is also correct.

Pallava king who defeated Pulakesin-II andadopted the tittle of Vatapikonda was:
  • a)
    Mahendravarman I
  • b)
    Narasimhavarman I
  • c)
    Narasimhavarman II
  • d)
    Nandivarman II
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Nidhi Solanki answered
Narasimha varman 1 was a king of pallava dynasty.He ruled South India from 630_668 AD.Sankhavishnu was the founder of Pallava dynsaty. Narsimha varman 1 built Dharamraj Rath Mandir in Mahabalipuram.

Which among the following sites provide theearliest evidence of settled agriculture in the Indiansubcontinent?
  • a)
    Dholavira
  • b)
    Inamgarh
  • c)
    Kalibangan
  • d)
    Mehrgarh
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Mira Sharma answered
  • Located in Kacchi plains of Baluchistan,Mehrgarh provides the earliest evidence ofsettled agriculture in the subcontinent andprobably south Asia. It is considered aprecurser to Indus Valley Civilization.
  • Additional Information : Dholavira, thelargest of all Indus settlements was characterized by a middle town evidences ofirrigation, findings of gold rings, etc.Kalibangan site is situated on banks of Ghagghar river in Rajasthan and provides evidence of earliest ploughed field in Indai inits proto-harappan phase.

With reference to Indian classical music, consider the following statements:
1. While there exists various styles of singing in Hindustani music, Carnatic music is sung only in one style.
2. Adherence to time or Samay concept is central feature of Hindustani music only.
3. The number of ragas in Carnatic music is more than those in Hindustani music.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Vaishnavi Mukherjee answered
  • While Carnatic music is sung and performedin only one style. There exists various styleof singing and performing in Hindustanimusic. Each style of school is called a'gharana'. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • Unlike Hindustani music, Carnatic music doesnot adhere to time or Samay concept. In Hindustan classical music, each raag isrendered only at aspecific time. The time ofthe raag depends on the vaadi swar and theanuvadi saars. This is so as each raag withit's particular swar is more effective ifperformed at a particular time. It is supposedto enhance the ras(mood) of the raag.Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Carnatic Style employs Shrutis or semitonesto create a Raga and thus have many moreRagas than the Hindustani style. Carnaticragas differ from Hindustani ragas. Thenames of ragas are also different. However, there are some ragas which have the samescale as Hindustani ragas but have differentnames; such as Hindolam and Malkauns, Shankarabharanam and Bilawal. There is athird category of ragas like Hamsadhwani, Charukeshi, Kalavati etc. which areessentially Carnatic Ragas. They share thesame name, the same scale (same set ofnotes) but can be rendered in the two distinctively different Carnatic andHindustani styles. Hence, statement 3 iscorrect.

With reference to Kabir, consider the following statements:
1. He believed in monothestic religious system.
2. He advocated abolition of varnashrama.
3. He incorporated some of the principles of Islam in his teachings.
4. Bani, a collection of hyms and poems of Kabir gives an insight into Kabir's philosophy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1, 2 and 3 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 and 4 only
  • d)
    1, 2, 3 and 4
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Rishika Basak answered
Summary:
Kabir was a mystical poet and saint who lived in India during the 15th century. He believed in a monotheistic religious system and advocated for the abolition of the varnashrama (caste) system. He incorporated some principles of Islam in his teachings. His philosophy can be understood through his collection of hymns and poems called Bani.

Detailed Explanation:

1. Kabir believed in a monotheistic religious system:
- Kabir's teachings emphasized the existence of one Supreme Being, whom he referred to as "Ram" or "Hari."
- He rejected the idea of multiple gods and goddesses worshipped in Hinduism and emphasized the importance of a personal connection with the divine.

2. Kabir advocated for the abolition of the varnashrama system:
- Varnashrama refers to the traditional Hindu caste system based on social hierarchy and division of labor.
- Kabir criticized the rigid social divisions and inequalities created by the varnashrama system.
- He believed in the equality of all human beings and emphasized the importance of inner spirituality over external social distinctions.

3. Kabir incorporated some principles of Islam in his teachings:
- Kabir's teachings were influenced by both Hindu and Islamic traditions.
- He borrowed certain concepts and practices from Islam, such as the belief in the oneness of God and the rejection of idol worship.
- Kabir emphasized the importance of devotion, prayer, and ethical conduct in both Hindu and Islamic traditions.

4. Bani, a collection of hymns and poems of Kabir, gives an insight into Kabir's philosophy:
- Bani is a compilation of Kabir's mystical and philosophical teachings.
- It contains a collection of hymns and poems that express Kabir's thoughts on spirituality, devotion, and the nature of reality.
- Through his Bani, Kabir shares his insights into the nature of the divine, the path to liberation, and the importance of self-realization.

Therefore, all the given statements (1, 2, and 3) are correct. Kabir believed in a monotheistic religious system, advocated for the abolition of the varnashrama system, and incorporated some principles of Islam in his teachings. His philosophy can be better understood through his collection of hymns and poems called Bani.

With reference to Akbar’s idea of 'Sulh-i kul', consider the following statements:
1. It focused on honesty, justice, peace which was universally applicable.
2. This principle was also followed by Jahangir and Shah Jahan.
Which of the above statements is/are not correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Nikhil Kapoor answered
Discussions of the various religion led Akbarto the idea of sulh-i kul or - universalpeace.This idea of tolerance did notdiscriminate between people of differentreligions in his realm. Instead it focused on asystem of ethics - honesty, justice, peace -that was universally applicable. Abul Fazlhelped Akbar in framing a vision ofgovernance around this idea of sulh-i kul.This principle of governance was followed byJahangir and Shah Jahan as well.

With reference to Harappan civilization, consider the following statements:
1. The citadels were inhabited by the common people.
2. The Great Bath was used for ritual bathing and it was made up of stone.
3. The roads were laid out along a grid pattern.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3 only
Correct answer is 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Debolina Bose answered
Explanation:

The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, flourishing around 2600 BCE to 1900 BCE in the region of modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Although many aspects of the Harappan civilization remain a mystery, archaeologists have made several important discoveries that shed light on various aspects of their society.

1. The citadels were inhabited by the common people:
The citadels were large, fortified structures that were located on raised platforms within the cities. It was initially believed that these citadels were the residences of the ruling elite or the administrative centers of the cities. However, recent research suggests that the citadels were actually inhabited by the common people. This is based on the discovery of numerous residential structures within the citadels, as well as evidence of craft production and other everyday activities. Therefore, statement 1 is incorrect.

2. The Great Bath was used for ritual bathing and it was made up of stone:
The Great Bath is one of the most iconic structures of the Harappan civilization. It is a large, rectangular tank made of bricks and lined with a thick layer of bitumen to make it waterproof. It is believed to have been used for ritual bathing or other religious ceremonies. The Great Bath is not made up of stone, but rather of fired bricks and bitumen. Therefore, statement 2 is incorrect.

3. The roads were laid out along a grid pattern:
One of the notable features of the Harappan cities is their well-planned layout. The cities were laid out in a grid pattern, with streets and lanes running parallel and perpendicular to each other. The streets were generally broad and well-maintained, indicating a high level of urban planning and organization. This grid pattern can be seen in the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa, among others. Therefore, statement 3 is correct.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, only statement 3 is correct. The citadels were inhabited by the common people, not the ruling elite. The Great Bath was not made up of stone but of fired bricks and bitumen. However, the roads in the Harappan cities were indeed laid out along a grid pattern.

With reference to Akbar's Rajput policy, consider the following statements:
1. In pursuance of his rajput policy, Akbar abolished jizyah and extended pilgrimage tax to muslims also.
2. Akbar not only inducted Rajput rajas into Mughal administration but also treated them on par with Mughal officials.
3. Akbar treated matrimonial alliances with Rajput rajas as test of loyalty and submission.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 3 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 only
  • d)
    1, 2, and 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Manoj Ghoshal answered
  • Akbar abolished both jizyah and pilgrimagetax. Hence, statement 1 is wrong.
  • Akbar treated Rajput and Mughal officialsequally for e.g Man Singh and Bhagwant Dasrose to mansab ranks of 7000 and 5000respectively. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
  • Akbar did not treat matrimonial alliances astest of loyalty and submission. Nomatrimonial relations were established withthe Hadas of Ranthambhor, yet Surjan Hadawas allotted jagirs in Garh-Katanga, served inGujarat and elsewhere and rose to the rank2000. Again, when the rulers of Sirohi and Banswara submitted, no matrimonialrelations were established with them. Neitherwere the matrimonial alliances forced uponthe Rajputs, it was more the force ofcircumstances and a realisation on the partof the rajas the benefits these marriagesmight confer on them.
  • Hence, statement 3 is wrong.

Which of the following techniques were used for decoration in Indo Islamic architecture?
1. Pietra dura
2. Tesselation
3. Dado panels
4. Jali work
Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow.
  • a)
    1 and 4 only
  • b)
    2, 3 and 4 only
  • c)
    3 and 4 only
  • d)
    1, 2, 3 and 4
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Shivani Dey answered
The Indo Islamic architecture was synthesisof architectural form of different religions.For decorative purposes it used:
  • Pietra-dura: Enlaying of precious andsemiprecious stones on the walls ofthe building.
  • Tesselation: Decoration on walls andfloors with mosaic.
  • Dado panel: Lower part of the interiorwall finished differently from otherwalls.
  • Arbesque: Ornamental designs oflines, leaves and flowers.
  • Jali work: Ornamental screens withgeometric figures like hexagon etc.

Consider the following statements regarding Inscriptions:
1. The study of development of scripts is called epigraphy.
2. The study of inscriptions is called palaeography.
3. An inscription is not free from later interpolations.
Which of the statement given above is/are notcorrect?
  • a)
    1 and 3 only
  • b)
    1 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Prashanth Iyer answered
  • A study of development of scripts is called Palaeography whereas, the study ofinscriptions is called Epigraphy.
  • One of the most important and reliable sources of history writing are inscriptions. Aninscription, being a contemporary document,is free from later interpolations. It comes inthe form it was composed in and engravedfor the first time. It is almost impossible to add something to it at a later stage.

Who amongst the following kings was/were followers of Jainism?
1. Rajaraja I
2. Chandragupta Maurya
3. Mahendraverman Pallava I
Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow.
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Ujwal Chatterjee answered
  • Rajaraja-I was the most powerful ruler of theChola Empire.He was a great conqueror. Hedefeated the Cheras, Pandyas and theChalukyas. He defeated Mahinda-V of Ceylonand built a Siva temple at Anuradhapuram.He even conquered Maldives.Thus the powerof Cholas extended beyond South India. Hewas a follower of Saivism. Devaram wascollected and codified only during his period.He constructed the Brahadeeswara Templeat Tanjore in 1010 A.D.
  • Chandragupta Maurya accepted Jainism andwent to Sravanbelgola to observe samlekhnain which a jain follower fast unto death to getliberated from the samsara.
  • Mahendravarman-I was the son of Simhavishnu. Conflicts arose between theChalukyas and the Pallavas during thisperiod. He lost the northern parts of thePallavaKingdom to Pulakesin II. Though afollower of Jainism, he embraced Saivism dueto Saint Appar's influence.He was a versatilescholar. Hetook up the titles likeChitrakarapuli and Vichitra Chitta for hisexcellence in building,painting and music. Heconstructed the cities of Mahendramangalamand Mahendravadi.

With reference to the Manipuri dance, consider the following statements:
1. The cult of Radha and Krishna, particularly the raslila, is central to its central theme.
2. It incorporates both tandava and lasya.
3. It is based on the devotional songs composed by Tulsidas and Kabir.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    1 and 2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Saikat Nair answered
Statement 1: The cult of Radha and Krishna, particularly the raslila, is central to its central theme.
The Manipuri dance is deeply rooted in Hindu mythology, and the cult of Radha and Krishna plays a significant role in its central theme. The raslila, which is a dance-drama depicting the love story of Radha and Krishna, is a prominent feature of Manipuri dance. This dance form often portrays the various episodes of their divine love, including Krishna's playful antics and Radha's emotional longing. The raslila is considered a sacred offering to the deities and is performed with great devotion and reverence.

Statement 2: It incorporates both tandava and lasya.
Manipuri dance incorporates both tandava and lasya, the two primary aspects of Indian classical dance. Tandava represents the powerful and masculine aspects of dance, characterized by vigorous movements and strong footwork. Lasya, on the other hand, represents the graceful and feminine aspects of dance, characterized by delicate and lyrical movements. Manipuri dance beautifully amalgamates these two aspects, showcasing a balance between strength and grace. The dancers display controlled yet fluid movements, blending elements of tandava and lasya seamlessly.

Statement 3: It is based on the devotional songs composed by Tulsidas and Kabir.
Statement 3 is incorrect. Manipuri dance is primarily based on the devotional songs and poetry composed in Manipuri language, rather than those composed by Tulsidas and Kabir. The lyrics of the songs used in Manipuri dance are often inspired by the Vaishnavite literature of the region, such as the works of Jayadeva, the author of Gita Govinda. These songs express deep devotion towards Radha and Krishna and are an integral part of the dance performance. The music and lyrics enhance the emotional and spiritual experience of the dancers and the audience.

Conclusion:
Based on the above analysis, statement 1 is correct as the cult of Radha and Krishna, particularly the raslila, is central to the central theme of Manipuri dance. Statement 2 is correct as Manipuri dance incorporates both tandava and lasya. However, statement 3 is incorrect as Manipuri dance is not based on the devotional songs composed by Tulsidas and Kabir, but rather on the devotional songs and poetry composed in Manipuri language. Therefore, the correct answer is option B (1 and 2 only).

Can you explain the answer of this question below:

Great prominence is given in the Rig Veda to two popular assemblies called 'Sabha' and 'Samiti' which
seem to have formed an essential feature of the government. In this context, which of the statements
is/are correct?
1. The Sabha, which mainly dealt with policy decisions and political business, included common people.
2. The Samiti, less political in character, was a more select body of the elders or nobles.

Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow.

  • A:

    1 only

  • B:

    2 only

  • C:

    Both 1 and 2

  • D:

    Neither 1 nor 2

The answer is D.

Dhruba Saini answered
RigVeda to two popular assemblies calledsabha and samiti which seem to have formedan essential feature of the government it wasthe samiti, which mainly dealt with policydecisions and political business, includedcommon people. So statement 1 is incorrectthe sabha, less political in character, was amore select body of the Elders or Nobles. Itwas through these two assemblies that thewill of the people on important matters of therashtra was expressed. So statement 2 isincorrect also.

Consider the following statements about shrines of the temple in earlier times:
1. Sandhara type were shrines without pradakshinapatha.
2. Nirandhara type were shrines with pradakshinapatha.
3. Sarvatobhadra were shrines which can be accessed from all sides.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Dhruba Menon answered
  • "Pradakshinapatha refers to thecircumbulatory or pathway around the mainshrine. In earlier temple architecture,basically in Nagara style there were threekinds of shrines which were classified on thebasis of patway around the main shrine.
  • In sandhara type there were nopradakshinapath around the main shrinewhereas in nirandhara type there is pathwayto do 'parikrama' around the main shrine.
  • In saravatobhadra the shrine can beaccessed from all sides as it has multiplegods and godesses facing different direction,there is particular sequence for placing thesedeities in circular manner. Example ofsarvatobhadra shrine is Vishnu temple atDeogarh".
  • Hence D is the correct answer.

Consider the following pairs:
1. Humayun Nama : Gulbadan Begum
2. Alamgir Nama : Muhammad Kazim
3. Akbar Nama : Abul Fazl
Which of the pairs given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    3 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Ruchi Sarkar answered
  • Akbar commissioned Gulbadan Begum( sister of Humayun) to chronicle the story of his father Humayun. It was written in Persian.
  • Alamgir Nama , a history of the first 10 years of Aurangzeb's reign was compiled by Muhammad Kazim.
  • Akbar Nama, a history of Akbar's reign was written by Abul Fazl.

Consider the following pairs:
Site                   Age
1. Kurnool : Paleolithic
2. Bagor : Mesolithic
3. Mehrgarh : Neolithic
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctlymatched?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Sinjini Desai answered
All are correctly matched.Kurnool - Traces of ash have been found herewhich suggests that people were familiarwith the use of fire.Bagor - This site provides the earliestevidence for the domestication of animals.Mehrgarh - Women and men learnt to growbarley and wheat, and rear sheep and goatsfor the first time in this area.

Lord Shiva's image is sometime shown withthree heads like the image of Maheshmurti atElephanta caves. It symbolizes what?
  • a)
    different forms of Shiva which includes Bhairava,Uma and Shiva himself.
  • b)
    fierce, peaceful and feminine forms of Shiva.
  • c)
    presence of Shiva in all directions.
  • d)
    Both the statements (a) and (b) are correct inthis context.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshara Singh answered
The three faces of Maheshmurti in Elephantacave are with different expressions on theirfaces and different crowns as per their iconographic prescription. The central headis the main Shiva in a calm, peaceful andmeditating state. In the left of main Shivathere is the face of Uma with all femininecharacters. The right face is of Bhairavclearly shown in profile in anger with bulgingeyes and moustache.

Consider the following statements regarding Sangam literature:
1. Melkannakku contains the major work of narrative text written during this period.
2. Tolkapiyyam centres around a love story between a courtesan and a dignatory.
3. Silppadikaram deals with grammar and poetics.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Gaurav Iyer answered
  • Major eighteen works were called asMelkannakku .18 Minor works were calledKilkanakku. Many of the social events arepresented in this literature like economy inancient time etc. showing social evolution.Tolkapiyyam, Silppadikaram and Manimeklaiwere also written during this time.
  • Tolkkappiyam deals with grammar andPoetics.
  • Silappadikarm deals with love story in whicha dignatory called Kovalan prefers acourtesan called Madhavi of kaveripattanamto his noble wedded wife Kannagi andManimekalai is another story which dealswith adventures of the daughter born out ofunion of Kovalan and Madhavi.

With reference to the reasons behind the decline of the Vijaynagara Empire, consider the following statements:
1. Strain in the imperial structure following the death of Krishnadeva Raya.
2. Rebelliousness amongst military chiefs.
3. Invasion by the Mughals.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 only
  • c)
    1 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Saranya Gupta answered
  • Statement 3 is incorrect because till that date Mughal had not expanded their Empirein the South.
  • Strain began to show within the imperial structure following Krishnadeva Raya‘s deathin 1529. His successors were troubled by rebellious nayakas or military chiefs. By 1542control at the centre had shifted to anotherruling lineage, that of the Aravidu, which remained in power till the end of the seventeenth century. During this period, asindeed earlier, the military ambitions of therulers of Vijayanagara as well as those of the Deccan Sultanates resulted in shifting alignments. Eventually this led to an alliance of the Sultanates against Vijayanagara.

Which among the following is not a similar teaching preached by both Jainism and Buddhistphilosophy?
  • a)
    Rejection of authority of vedas
  • b)
    Nontheism
  • c)
    Emphasis on renunciation
  • d)
    Absolute non violence
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Samridhi Chakraborty answered
Rejection of Authority of Vedas, Nontheism, Emphasis on Renunciation are the similar teachings preached by both Jainism and Buddhist philosophy.

Rejection of Authority of Vedas:
Both Jainism and Buddhist philosophy reject the authority of Vedas. They do not believe in the ritualistic practices mentioned in Vedas and instead focus on the individual's own spiritual journey.

Nontheism:
Both Jainism and Buddhist philosophy do not believe in the existence of a supreme creator or God. They emphasize the concept of karma and that one's actions determine their fate.

Emphasis on Renunciation:
Both Jainism and Buddhist philosophy emphasize the importance of renunciation and detachment from material possessions. They believe that true happiness and liberation can be achieved by freeing oneself from the cycle of birth and death.

Absolute Nonviolence:
While both Jainism and Buddhist philosophy emphasize nonviolence, Jainism takes it to an extreme level with the concept of ahimsa. In Jainism, even the smallest living beings have a soul and therefore, causing harm to any living being is considered a sin. Buddhist philosophy, on the other hand, emphasizes nonviolence but does not take it to the same extreme level as Jainism.

Therefore, the correct answer is option D - Absolute Nonviolence, as it is a concept that is emphasized more strongly in Jainism than in Buddhist philosophy.

In Buddhism, the analogy of the "flame of a lampwhich kindles other lamp before gettingextinguished" is used to explain?
  • a)
    Transmigration of soul
  • b)
    Bodhisattva
  • c)
    Continuous flux of universe
  • d)
    None of the above
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ruchi Banerjee answered
  • The analogy of flame of a lamp which kindles other lamp before being extinguished was used to explain the process of transmigration of soul, which was different from other contemporary philosophies.
  • In other religion and philosophy something is being transferred from one life to another. where as, in Buddhism transmigration nothing is transferred but, a new life arises as a chain of events.

Which of the following Buddhist doctrines was/were taught in the Nalanda University?
1. Theravada
2. Mahayana
3. Vajrayana
Select the correct answer using the code givenbelow.
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    1 and 2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Kritika Menon answered
  • Nalanda university was one of the famous ancient university, which drew people fromall across the parts of South East Asia, chinaetc.
  • In Nalanda university, all the three form of Buddhist doctrines were taught to the students with a strict entrance examinationfor students.
  • Theravada: Theravada means the "Doctrineof the Elders," is the school of Buddhism that draws its scriptural inspiration from theTipitaka.
  • Mahayana: also known as the "greatvehicle". They believed in the original teaching of Buddha without making any interpretations to it.
  • Vajrayana: They made Buddhism tantracised by inclusion of tara with boddhisatvas.

With reference to Virashaiva tradition in medieval India, consider the following statements:
1. The movement was led by a Brahmana named Basavanna.
2. The movement opposed worship of Shiva in form of linga.
3. The movement encouraged remarriage of widows.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    2 and 3 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Moumita Choudhury answered
  • The movement that emerged in Karnataka in twelfth century was led by a brahamananamed Basavanna. Hence, statement 1 iscorrect.
  • The followers of the movement known as Virashaivas or Lingayats worship Shiva in hismanifestation as a linga. Hence, statement 2is wrong.
  • The Lingayats encouraged certains practicesthat were disapproved in the Dharmashastra,such as post- puberty marriage and theremarriage of widows. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Consider the following statements regarding position of women in the Gupta age:
1. Arsa and Asura forms of marriage became popular.
2. Widows could not marry again.
3. Women had no right to real property.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Om Saha answered
  • The deterioration in the position of women is quite perceptible in the Gupta age. The Svayamvara and Gandharva forms of marriage fell into disuse and the Arsa and Asura forms in which the bride had to be given with a price became popular.
  • Widows could not marry again.
  • Women had no right to real property.
  • Therefore, all the given statements are correct.

With reference to administration during Delhi Sultanate period, consider the following statements
regarding 'bandagans':
1. They were special slaves bought by Sultans from Persia for military services.
2. They were never appointed as generals and governors.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Divya Mukherjee answered
Introduction:
During the Delhi Sultanate period, the administration was carried out by the Sultan and his officials. One important aspect of the administration was the employment of bandagans, who were special slaves bought by the Sultans for various services.

Explanation:
The given statements about bandagans can be analyzed as follows:

Statement 1: They were special slaves bought by Sultans from Persia for military services.
This statement is correct. Bandagans were slaves who were purchased by the Sultans from Persia, Central Asia, and other regions for their military services. These slaves were trained and employed in various military roles, such as archers, infantrymen, and bodyguards. They played a crucial role in the Sultanate's military strength and were considered loyal to the Sultan.

Statement 2: They were never appointed as generals and governors.
This statement is incorrect. Bandagans were not limited to military roles only. Some bandagans were appointed to higher administrative positions, including generals and governors. They were trusted by the Sultans and given important responsibilities in the administration.

Additional Information:
- Bandagans were often given important positions in the royal court, serving as personal attendants to the Sultan.
- Some bandagans were also employed as spies, gathering intelligence for the Sultan.
- Bandagans were also involved in maintaining law and order in the Sultanate's territories, acting as police officers and enforcers of the Sultan's authority.
- The bandagans were given certain privileges and rewards for their services, such as land grants and pensions.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, bandagans were special slaves bought by the Sultans for military services, but they were not limited to military roles only. Some bandagans occupied high administrative positions, including generals and governors. Therefore, statement 1 is correct and statement 2 is incorrect.

With reference to Naqshbandi school of Sufi movement in India, consider the following statements:
1. The school propounded the concept of unity of God and created beings.
2. The school opposed the use of music in religious gatherings and visiting tombs of saints.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Shanaya Sarkar answered
Explanation:

Naqshbandi School of Sufi Movement in India
The Naqshbandi school of Sufi movement in India is known for its unique teachings and practices that have had a significant influence on the Indian Sufi tradition.

Statement Analysis:

1. The school propounded the concept of unity of God and created beings:
- The Naqshbandi school of Sufism indeed emphasizes the concept of the unity of God, known as Tawhid, which is central to Islamic belief.
- This school teaches that all created beings are interconnected and ultimately linked to the divine source, emphasizing the oneness of God and His creation.

2. The school opposed the use of music in religious gatherings and visiting tombs of saints:
- It is true that the Naqshbandi Sufi order generally discourages the use of music in religious gatherings.
- Additionally, the Naqshbandi school has been known to discourage the practice of visiting tombs of saints, as they believe that the focus should be on the inner spiritual journey rather than external rituals.
Therefore, the correct statement is:

Option B) 2 only

Consider the following statements:
1. Under the dahsala system of Akbar, the land revenue from a particular land was fixed for ten years.
2. Under the ghalla- bakshi system, the produce from land was divided between the peasants and the state in fixed proportion.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    Both 1 and 2
  • d)
    Neither 1 nor 2
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Priya Shah answered
  • Under the dahsala system , the averageproduce of different crops as well as theaverage prices prevailing over the lastten(dah) years were calculated. The revenuewas not fixed for ten years. Hence,statement 1 is wrong.
  • Under the ghalla- bakshi system, the producefrom land was divided between the peasantsand the state in fixed proportion.

With reference to 'tantricism', which spread in India from about the sixth century A.D., consider the
following statements:
1. It admitted both women and shudras into its ranks.
2. It arose as a result of the large-scale admission of the aboriginal peoples in brahmanical society.
3. It permeated Buddhism and not Jainism.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 and 3 only
  • c)
    3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Sneha Shah answered
  • The most remarkable development in thereligious field in India from about the sixthcentury A.D was the spread of tantricism. Itarose as a result of the large-scale admissionof the aboriginal peoples in brahmanicalsociety. It laid great stress on the use ofmagic rituals. They were intended to satisfy the material desires of the devotees forphysical possessions and to cure the day-todaydiseases and injuries.
  • Tantricism admitted both women andshudras into its ranks. It permeated Jainism,Buddhism, Shaivism and Vaishnavism.
  • Therefore, only 1 and 2 are correct.

With reference to society during Rigvedic age, consider the following statements:
1. The society was classified on the basis of profession and not on the basis of birth.
2. The occupations had then become hereditary.
3. The members of the same family took same professions and thus belonged to same varnas.
Which of the statements given below is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 3 only
  • b)
    1 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Athira Mishra answered
  • The RigVedic society comprised four varnas,namely Brahmana, Kshatriya, Vaisya andShudra. This classification of society wasbased on the occupation of individuals. Sostatement 1 is correct.
  • The teacher and priests were called Brahmanas; rulers and administrator skshatriyas; farmers, merchants and bankers vaisyas; and artisan and labourers as sudras. These vocations were followed by persons according to their ability and liking, and the occupations had not become hereditary asthey become later on. So statement 2 is incorrect.
  • Members of the same family took to differentprofessions and belonged to different varnas.So statement 3 is also incorrect.

With reference to India's tradition and culture, what is 'Lai Haraoba'?
  • a)
    It is an ancient martial art and a living tradition in some parts of South India.
  • b)
    It is an ancient form of dance-drama in the Northeastern part of Assam.
  • c)
    It is an event of bull-fighting similar to Jallikattu.
  • d)
    Lai Haraoba is a Manipuri festival celebrated to please traditional deities.
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anjana Datta answered
Lai Haraoba is one of the main festival performed in Manipur which has its roots inthe pre-Vaishnavite period. Lai Haraoba is the earliest form of dance which forms thebasis of all stylised dances in Manipur. Literally meaning - the merry making of the gods, it is performed as a ceremonial offering of song and dance. The principal performers are the maibas and maibis (priests and priestesses) who re-enact the theme of the creation of the world.

Consider the following statements:
1. Only the Kshatriyas and Brahmanas were entitled to upanayana ceremony.
2. The importance of Sabha and Samiti diminished during the later Vedic period.
3. Ashramas were well established during the Vedic times.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    1 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3 only
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Pooja Chakraborty answered
  • Statements 1 and 3 are incorrect.
  • All the three higher varnas shared onecommon feature: they were entitled toupanayana or investiture with the sacredthread according to the Vedic mantras. The fourth varna was deprived of the sacredthread ceremony and the recitation of theGayatri mantra.
  • Ashramas or four stages of life were not wellestablished in Vedic times. In the post Vedictexts only 3 (Brahamchari, Grihastha andVanprastha) are mentioned. The fourthstage/Ashrama (Sanyas) had not been wellestablished in later Vedic times.

Consider the following statements:
1. The branch of knowledge which studies coins is called numismatics.
2. The earliest coins called the punch marked were in silver and copper.
3. The punch-marked coins does not bear any inscription on them.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1, 2 and 3
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Anu Kulkarni answered
  • The branch of knowledge which studies coinsis called numismatics. So statement 1 iscorrect.
  • Earliest coins, called punch marked, are insilver and copper. Some gold punch-markedcoins are also reported to have been found,but they are very rare and their authenticityis doubtful. Statement 2 is also correct.
  • The punch-marked coins are the earliestcoins of India and they bear only symbols onthem. Each symbol is punched separately,which sometimes overlap the another. Thesehave been found throughout the country,from Taxila to Magadha to Mysore or evenfurther south. They do not bear anyinscription, or legend on them. statement 3is also correct.

Withdrawal of royal patronage to painting under Aurangzeb led to the dispersal of artists to different places and emergence of distinct schools of painting.  Which among the following are such schools?
1. Pala
2. Rajasthani
3. Pahari
4. Apabhramsa
Select the correct answer using the code given below.
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    1, 2 and 3 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    3 and 4 only
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Swara Nambiar answered
During medieval period, withdrawal of royalpatronage to painting under Aurangzeb ledto the dispersal of artists to different placesin the country. This helped in thedevelopment of the art of painting inRajasthan and the Punjab hills giving rise todistinct schools of paintings - Rajasthani andPahari Schools. Pala and Apabhramsa areancient schools of miniature painting.

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