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All questions of Parsing for Computer Science Engineering (CSE) Exam

Can you explain the answer of this question below:

How many strings of length less than 4 contains the language described by the regular expression (x+y)*y(a+ab)*?

  • A:

    7

  • B:

    10

  • C:

    12

  • D:

    11

The answer is d.

Baishali Bajaj answered
The answer is 12.
String of length 1 = y
String of length 2 = xy,yy,ya
String of length 3 = xxy,xyy,yxy,yyy,yab,yaa,xya,yya
total = 1 + 3 + 8 = 12

A grammar that produces more than one parse tree for some sentence is called
  • a)
    Ambiguous
  • b)
    Unambiguous
  • c)
    Regular
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Mahi Yadav answered
Overview:
This question is related to the concept of parse trees in grammar. A parse tree represents the structure of a sentence in terms of its grammatical components. The question asks about a specific type of grammar that can produce more than one parse tree for a sentence.

Ambiguous Grammar:
An ambiguous grammar is a type of grammar where a single sentence can have more than one possible parse tree. In other words, there is more than one way to interpret the sentence structure based on the grammar rules. This can lead to different meanings or interpretations of the sentence.

Example:
Let's consider a simple example to illustrate the concept of an ambiguous grammar. Suppose we have the following grammar rules:

1. S -> NP VP
2. NP -> "the" N
3. NP -> "the" N PP
4. VP -> V NP
5. PP -> P NP

Now, let's consider the sentence "the cat chased the mouse with a stick." This sentence can have two different interpretations based on the grammar rules:

Parse Tree 1:
```
S
/ \
NP VP
| |
"the" V
| |
N NP
| |
"cat" |
NP
/ \
"the" N
| |
"mouse"
```

Parse Tree 2:
```
S
/ \
NP VP
| |
"the" V
| |
N NP
| |
"cat" |
NP
/ \
"the" N
| |
"mouse"
|
PP
|
P
|
NP
/ \
"with" N
| |
"a stick"
```

As we can see, the sentence "the cat chased the mouse with a stick" can be parsed in two different ways based on the grammar rules. Therefore, this grammar is ambiguous.

Conclusion:
Based on the explanation and example above, we can conclude that a grammar that produces more than one parse tree for a sentence is called ambiguous.

The idea of an automation with a stack as auxiliary storage
  • a)
    Finite automata
  • b)
    Push Down Automata
  • c)
    Deterministic Automata
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Shruti Basak answered
Understanding Automata Types
In the study of automata theory, different types of automata are used for various computational tasks. One key distinction is the use of auxiliary storage, which is where the concept of a stack comes into play.
Finite Automata (FA)
- Finite Automata are the simplest form of automata.
- They do not utilize any auxiliary storage like a stack; instead, they operate with a finite number of states.
- They can recognize regular languages but cannot handle nested structures due to their limited memory.
Push Down Automata (PDA)
- Push Down Automata are an extension of Finite Automata that include a stack as auxiliary storage.
- The stack enables PDA to remember an unlimited amount of information, making it capable of recognizing context-free languages.
- This capability is essential for parsing nested structures, such as balanced parentheses or XML tags.
- PDAs can be either deterministic or nondeterministic, which adds to their versatility.
Deterministic Automata (DA)
- Deterministic Automata refer to a specific type of Finite Automata where each state has a unique transition for each input symbol.
- Like FA, they do not utilize any form of auxiliary storage, such as a stack.
Conclusion
The correct answer is option 'B' because only Push Down Automata leverage a stack to enhance their computational power, allowing them to recognize a broader class of languages compared to Finite Automata and Deterministic Automata.

An optimizer Compiler
  • a)
    Is optimized to occupy less space
  • b)
    Both of the mentioned
  • c)
    Optimize the code
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Explanation: In computing, an optimizing compiler is a compiler that tries to minimize or maximize some attributes of an executable computer program.

A top down parser generates
  • a)
    Rightmost Derivation
  • b)
    Right most derivation in reverse
  • c)
    Left most derivation
  • d)
    Left most derivation in reverse
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Explanation: Top-down parsing is a parsing strategy where one first looks at the highest level of the parse tree and works down the parse tree by using the rewriting rules of a formal grammar.

S → abS S → a is which grammar
  • a)
    Right Linear Grammar
  • b)
    Left Linear Grammar
  • c)
    Right & Left Linear Grammar
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Understanding Right Linear Grammar
Right linear grammar is a type of formal grammar where all production rules have a specific structure. Let's break down the given grammar to understand why it qualifies as right linear.
Grammar Rules Analysis
- The provided grammar consists of two production rules:
- S → abS
- S → a
- In right linear grammar, production rules can be represented as:
- A → xB or A → x, where A and B are non-terminal symbols, and x is a string of terminal symbols.
- In this case:
- The rule S → abS has the form of A → xB (S is followed by S, which is a non-terminal).
- The rule S → a fits the form A → x, where 'a' is a terminal.
Why It’s Right Linear?
- Since both production rules adhere to the definition of right linear grammar:
- The non-terminal (S) appears only on the right side of the production.
- There are no production rules where the non-terminal appears on the left side, which would indicate it is a left linear grammar.
Conclusion
- Since the grammar only uses right linear production rules, it is classified as a right linear grammar.
Thus, the correct answer to the question is option 'A' – Right Linear Grammar.

 If P & R are regular and also given that if PQ=R, then
  • a)
    Q has to be regular
  • b)
    Q cannot be regular
  • c)
    Q need not be regular
  • d)
    Q has to be a CFL
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

It is not clear what information or statement is being referred to in the question. Please provide more context or complete the sentence for a more accurate response.

 YACC builds up
  • a)
    SLR parsing table
  • b)
    Canonical LR parsing table
  • c)
    LALR parsing table
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?



YACC and Parsing Tables

Parsing tables are used in compiler construction to facilitate the process of syntax analysis. YACC (Yet Another Compiler Compiler) is a tool used to generate parsers for programming languages.

Types of Parsing Tables:

SLR Parsing Table:
- YACC is capable of building SLR parsing tables.
- SLR (Simple LR) parsing is a type of bottom-up parsing method that uses a lookahead symbol to make parsing decisions.

Canonical LR Parsing Table:
- YACC does not directly build Canonical LR parsing tables.
- Canonical LR parsing is a more powerful parsing method than SLR parsing, but it requires more memory and time to construct the parsing table.

LALR Parsing Table:
- YACC builds LALR (Look-Ahead LR) parsing tables.
- LALR parsing is a compromise between the power of Canonical LR parsing and the efficiency of SLR parsing. It uses a smaller parsing table while still being able to parse a wider range of grammars.

Conclusion:
YACC is a versatile tool that can generate parsing tables for different parsing methods. While it may not directly generate Canonical LR parsing tables, it is still capable of building SLR and LALR parsing tables, which are widely used in compiler construction.

Shift reduce parsers are
  • a)
    Top down parser
  • b)
    Bottom up parser
  • c)
    Maybe both
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?

Rishika Pillai answered
Explanation: This corresponds to starting at the leaves of the parse tree. It can be thought of. A process of reducing the string in question to the start symbol of the grammar. Bottom-up parsing is also known as shift-reduce parsing

The linker
  • a)
    Is similar to interpreter
  • b)
    Uses source code as its input
  • c)
    I s required to create a load module
  • d)
    None of the mentioned
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Kunal Gupta answered
Explanation: It is a program that takes one or more object files generated by a compiler and combines them into a single executable file, library file, or another object file.

Parsers are expected to parse the whole code
  • a)
    True
  • b)
     False
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Akshay Singh answered
The Answer:

Introduction:
In computer programming, a parser is a software component that takes input in the form of a sequence of tokens and builds a data structure (such as a parse tree or an abstract syntax tree). The parser analyzes the syntactic structure of the code and verifies whether it conforms to the grammar rules of the programming language.

The Expectation:
The statement "Parsers are expected to parse the whole code" is true. Parsers are designed to analyze and process the entire code provided to them.

Explanation:
When a parser is given a piece of code to parse, it starts by breaking down the code into a series of tokens. Tokens are the smallest units of a programming language, such as keywords, identifiers, operators, and literals. The parser then analyzes the syntax of these tokens to determine the structure and correctness of the code.

1. Syntax Analysis:
The primary task of a parser is to perform syntax analysis, also known as parsing. Syntax analysis involves checking whether the sequence of tokens conforms to the grammar rules of the programming language. The parser ensures that the code is free from syntax errors and constructs a parse tree or an abstract syntax tree (AST) representing the syntactic structure of the code.

2. Error Detection:
During the parsing process, the parser can detect various types of errors, such as missing or misplaced punctuation, incorrect use of operators, and violations of language-specific rules. By identifying these errors, the parser helps programmers debug their code and fix any syntactic issues.

3. Identification of Language Constructs:
Parsers are responsible for identifying and extracting the different language constructs present in the code. These constructs include variables, functions, classes, control flow statements, and other language-specific elements. By parsing the entire code, the parser builds a comprehensive understanding of the program's structure and components.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, parsers are expected to parse the whole code provided to them. They perform syntax analysis, detect errors, and identify language constructs within the code. By parsing the entire code, parsers ensure that the program adheres to the language's grammar rules and can provide valuable insights and feedback to programmers.

L and ~L are recursive enumerable then L is
  • a)
    Regular
  • b)
    Context free
  • c)
    Context sensitive
  • d)
    Recursive
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Arindam Malik answered
L and ~L are recursively enumerable languages. In order to understand why L is recursive, let's first define what it means for a language to be recursively enumerable.

Recursively enumerable language:
A language L is recursively enumerable if there exists a Turing machine that can enumerate (list) all the strings in L. This means that the Turing machine will eventually halt and output any string in L, but it may not halt or output anything for strings not in L.

Now, let's analyze the given statement:

L and ~L are recursively enumerable:
This means that there are Turing machines that can enumerate all the strings in L and ~L. Since ~L represents the complement of L, it contains all strings that are not in L.

If L is recursively enumerable, it means that there exists a Turing machine that can enumerate all the strings in L. Similarly, if ~L is recursively enumerable, it means that there exists a Turing machine that can enumerate all the strings not in L.

If both L and ~L are recursively enumerable, it implies that we can combine the two Turing machines into a single Turing machine that can enumerate all strings. This is because for any given string, it either belongs to L or ~L.

Therefore, since there exists a Turing machine that can enumerate all strings in L and ~L, it implies that L is recursive.

In conclusion, the correct answer is option 'D' - L is recursive.

Which of the following statements is false?
  • a)
    Left as well as right most derivations can be in Unambiguous grammar
  • b)
    An LL (1) parser is a top-down parser
  • c)
    LALR is more powerful than SLR
  • d)
    Ambiguous grammar can’t be LR (k)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?

Ujwal Roy answered
Explanation: If a grammar has more than one leftmost (or rightmost) derivation the grammar is ambiguous. Sometimes in unambiguous grammar the rightmost derivation and leftmost derivations may differ.

 Recursively enumerable languages are not closed under:
  • a)
    Union
  • b)
    Intersection
  • c)
    Complementation
  • d)
    Concatenation
Correct answer is option 'C'. Can you explain this answer?

Recursive languages are closed under the following operations.
The Kleene star L * of L
the concatenation L * o P of L and P
the union L U P
the intersection L ∩ P.

Which one of the following statements is TRUE?
  • a)
    The LALR(1) parser for a grammar G cannot have reduce-reduce conflict if the LR(1) parser for G does not have reduce-reduce conflict. 
  • b)
    Symbol table is accessed only during the lexical analysis phase
  • c)
    Data flow analysis is necessary for run-time memory management.
  • d)
    LR(1) parsing is sufficient for deterministic context-free languages
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?

Neha Mishra answered
Statement: LR(1) parsing is sufficient for deterministic context-free languages.

Explanation:
To understand the given statement, let's first discuss some concepts related to parsing and context-free languages.

Context-Free Languages:
A context-free language is a language that can be generated by a context-free grammar. A context-free grammar is a set of production rules that define the structure of valid strings in the language.

LR(1) Parsing:
LR(1) parsing is a bottom-up parsing technique based on the construction of LR(1) parsing tables. An LR(1) parser uses a stack to keep track of the parsing process and a parsing table to determine the next action based on the current state and lookahead symbol.

Deterministic Context-Free Languages:
A context-free language is said to be deterministic if there is at most one valid parse tree for each string in the language. In other words, there are no ambiguities or conflicts in the parsing process.

Explanation of the Statement:
The given statement claims that LR(1) parsing is sufficient for deterministic context-free languages. This means that if a language is deterministic, an LR(1) parser can always parse it without any conflicts or ambiguities.

Proof:
To prove the statement, we need to show that for any deterministic context-free language, an LR(1) parser can be constructed without any reduce-reduce or shift-reduce conflicts.

Shift-Reduce Conflicts:
A shift-reduce conflict occurs when the parser encounters a state where it can either shift the next input symbol onto the stack or reduce the current stack symbols to a non-terminal. This conflict arises due to the ambiguity in the parsing process.

Reduce-Reduce Conflicts:
A reduce-reduce conflict occurs when the parser encounters a state where it can reduce the current stack symbols to multiple non-terminals. This conflict also arises due to the ambiguity in the parsing process.

LR(1) Parsing Tables:
LR(1) parsing tables are constructed based on LR(1) items, which are augmented versions of the production rules in the grammar. LR(1) items contain information about the current state, the next input symbol, and the possible actions (shift, reduce, or accept).

LALR(1) Parsing:
LALR(1) parsing is a variation of LR(1) parsing where the parser tables are compressed to reduce the memory requirements. LALR(1) parsers can handle a larger class of grammars compared to LR(1) parsers.

Proof by Contradiction:
Assume that an LR(1) parser for a grammar G does not have any reduce-reduce conflict. This means that the LR(1) parsing tables are conflict-free and unambiguous. If the LR(1) parser can parse G without any conflicts, then it implies that the grammar G is a deterministic context-free language.

Therefore, the given statement is true. LR(1) parsing is sufficient for deterministic context-free languages.

Conclusion:
The given statement is true. LR(1) parsing is sufficient for deterministic context-free languages. This means that if a language is deterministic, an LR(1) parser can always parse it without any conflicts or ambiguities.

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