The 1903 plague and the measures to control it: French colonial attitude towards questions of health and hygiene

The 1903 plague outbreak in French colonial territories, particularly in the city of Hanoi in Vietnam, sheds light on the French colonial attitude towards questions of health and hygiene. The response to this epidemic provides insights into the priorities and approaches of the French colonial administration in dealing with public health issues.

1. Neglect and unpreparedness:
- The initial response to the plague outbreak in Hanoi was characterized by neglect and unpreparedness. The French colonial authorities were caught off guard, lacking the necessary infrastructure and resources to effectively control the epidemic.
- The lack of investment in healthcare infrastructure and inadequate attention to public health issues reflected a general attitude of neglect towards the well-being of the local population.

2. Repression and isolation:
- As the plague spread, the French colonial administration resorted to repressive measures and strict isolation policies. The affected areas were quarantined, and individuals suspected of being infected were forcibly taken to isolation camps.
- This approach emphasized control and containment rather than addressing the underlying causes of the outbreak. It also demonstrated a disregard for the human rights and dignity of the affected population.

3. Focus on urban areas:
- The measures to control the plague primarily targeted urban areas, particularly those inhabited by the indigenous population. The French colonial authorities were primarily concerned with protecting the European settlers and maintaining colonial order.
- The neglect of rural areas and indigenous communities further highlighted the colonial attitude of prioritizing the interests and well-being of the colonizers over the colonized.

4. Limited investment in healthcare infrastructure:
- The response to the plague outbreak revealed the limited investment in healthcare infrastructure in French colonial territories. The lack of hospitals, medical personnel, and sanitation facilities hindered the effective management of the epidemic.
- This lack of investment reflected a broader colonial attitude of prioritizing economic exploitation and political control over the welfare and development of the colonies.

5. Racial and cultural biases:
- The French colonial administration exhibited racial and cultural biases in their approach to public health. Indigenous communities were often stigmatized and blamed for the spread of the plague, reinforcing colonial stereotypes and prejudices.
- The imposition of Western medical practices and disregard for local knowledge and traditional healing methods further exemplified the colonial attitude of cultural superiority.

In conclusion, the response to the 1903 plague outbreak in French colonial territories highlighted a colonial attitude of neglect, repression, and prioritization of colonial interests over the well-being of the local population. The limited investment in healthcare infrastructure, focus on urban areas, and racial and cultural biases further underscored this attitude. Understanding the historical context of colonialism is crucial to comprehending the lasting impact it had on public health and hygiene in former colonies.