**Coming Together Federation:**

A 'coming together' type of federation refers to a union of independent states or regions that voluntarily agree to form a central governing body while retaining a significant degree of sovereignty. In this type of federation, the member states unite to achieve common goals and address common concerns. Here are the key characteristics of a 'coming together' federation:

1. **Voluntary Association:** Member states willingly come together to form a federation, driven by a shared desire to achieve common objectives such as national security, economic cooperation, or political stability. The decision to join the federation is made through a voluntary act, usually through a formal agreement or constitution.

2. **Pooling of Sovereignty:** In a 'coming together' federation, member states surrender some of their exclusive powers to the central authority while retaining a certain level of autonomy. This pooling of sovereignty allows for the creation of common policies, laws, and institutions that benefit all members.

3. **Equal Representation:** Member states usually have equal representation in the central governing body. This ensures that each state has an equal say in decision-making processes and policies. It helps to maintain a balance of power among the participating regions.

4. **Shared Institutions:** A 'coming together' federation establishes shared institutions, such as a central legislature, executive, and judiciary, to govern the entire federation. These institutions help in the formulation and implementation of common policies and laws that apply uniformly to all member states.

5. **Limited Central Authority:** The central authority in a 'coming together' federation has limited powers that are specifically delegated to it by the member states. The central government's authority is usually restricted to matters of common interest, such as defense, foreign affairs, or inter-state trade, while the member states retain control over internal affairs.

**Holding Together Federation:**

A 'holding together' type of federation, also known as a 'centrifugal' federation, refers to a union of diverse regions or ethnic groups that come together to form a stronger central government while preserving their cultural, linguistic, or regional identities. Here are the key characteristics of a 'holding together' federation:

1. **Unity through Diversity:** The 'holding together' federation aims to maintain the unity of a diverse nation by accommodating and respecting the unique identities and aspirations of its constituent regions or ethnic groups. It allows for the coexistence of multiple identities within a single political framework.

2. **Devolution of Powers:** In a 'holding together' federation, the constituent regions or ethnic groups are granted significant powers and autonomy to govern their internal affairs. They have the freedom to develop and implement policies that reflect their distinct cultural, linguistic, or regional characteristics.

3. **Asymmetric Representation:** Unlike the equal representation found in a 'coming together' federation, a 'holding together' federation often has asymmetric representation, where certain regions or ethnic groups have more power or influence in the central government based on factors such as population size, historical significance, or economic strength.

4. **Flexible Constitution:** A 'holding together' federation may have a flexible constitution that allows for the accommodation of diverse interests and changing circumstances. The constitution may provide provisions for regional autonomy, language rights, cultural preservation, and other measures that promote inclusivity and diversity.

5. **Conflict Resolution Mechanisms:** A 'holding together' federation typically incorporates mechanisms to resolve conflicts or disputes between the constituent regions or ethnic groups. These mechanisms may include power-sharing arrangements, special status for certain regions, or judicial bodies specifically tasked with