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Apomixis
Apomixis, derived from two Greek words “APO” (away from) and “mixed” ( the act of mixing or mingling). It refers to the occurrence of an asexual reproductive process in the place of normal sexual processes involving reduction division and fertilization. Apomixis can be best described as the reference to the asexual process.
Apomixis, derived from two Greek words “APO” (away from) and “mixed” ( the act of mixing or mingling). It refers to the occurrence of an asexual reproductive process in the place of normal sexual processes involving reduction division and fertilization. Apomixis can be best described as the reference to the asexual process.
During sexual reproduction, developmental steps occurring inside the ovule produce the female gametophyte (embryo sac) and following a double fertilization event give rise to embryo and endosperm structures.
Types of Apomixis
Three types of apomixis are generally recognized – diplospory, apospory and adventitious embryony. These apomictic processes are depicted compared to sexual processes in the formation of a common Polygonum-type embryo sac.
Diplospory
- In diplospory, the unreduced embryo sac is derived from the megaspore mother cell either directly by mitotic division or by aborted meiotic events.
- Three major types of diplospory have been reported, named after the plants in which they occur, and they are the Taraxacum, Ixeris and Antennaria types.
- In the Taraxacumtype, meiotic prophase is initiated but then the process is aborted resulting in two unreduced dyads one of which gives rise to the embryo sac by mitotic division.
- In the Ixeris type, two further mitotic divisions of the nuclei to give rise to an eight-nucleate embryo sac follow equational division following meiotic prophase. The Taraxacum and Ixeris types are known as meiotic diplospory because they involve modifications of meiosis.
Apospory
- In apospory, the nuclear cells that give rise to the apomictic embryo sac, termed aposporos initials, are distinct from the ameiotic megasporocyte.
- They are similar in appearance to the ameiotic megasporocyte and may differentiate close to the ameiotic megasporocyte and develop into an apomictic embryo sac.
- Once the aposporos initial cells differentiate they immediately enter mitosis to produce an embryo sac. Some ovules can contain multiple embryo sacs and, depending on the species, the structure of the embryo sac may be quite different from that seen in the sexual process.
- The initiation of the apospory embryo sac can occur together with a sexual one or it can displace or inhibit sexual embryo sac formation.
Adventitious Embryony
- In this process, embryos initiate parthenogenetically outside of an embryo sac structure.
- Adventitious embryony is most commonly initiated later in ovule development from nucellar and integumentary tissues.
- In general, fertilization in the adjoining sexual embryo sac and subsequent endosperm formation is necessary to form viable seeds. The developing embryos closest to the embryo sac grow towards it, presumably to obtain nutrient and other developmental signals from the embryo sac.
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