Objective: To answer the chapter 2 objective questions in detail.

Question 1: What are the fundamental principles of democracy?

Democracy is a form of government in which the power is vested in the people, and they exercise it either directly or through elected representatives. The fundamental principles of democracy include:

1. Popular sovereignty: The ultimate source of power lies with the people who have the right to elect their representatives and participate in decision-making.

2. Political equality: All citizens have equal rights and opportunities to participate in the political process, regardless of their social status, wealth, or gender.

3. Majority rule with minority rights: Decisions are made by a majority vote, but the rights of minorities are protected to ensure that their interests are not disregarded.

4. Individual rights and freedoms: Democracy ensures the protection of individual rights and freedoms such as freedom of speech, assembly, religion, and the right to a fair trial.

5. Rule of law: All individuals, including government officials, are subject to the law. No one is above the law, and the legal system ensures justice and equality.

6. Transparency and accountability: Democratic governments are accountable to the people and must be transparent in their decision-making processes.

7. Free and fair elections: Elections are held regularly and are conducted in a free and fair manner, allowing citizens to choose their representatives through a fair electoral process.

8. Civilian control of the military: In a democratic society, the military is subordinate to civilian control, ensuring that the government is not overthrown by a military coup.

9. Pluralism and tolerance: Democracy promotes diversity, pluralism, and tolerance for different opinions, beliefs, and cultures.

Question 2: What are the features of federalism?

Federalism is a system of government in which power is divided between a central authority and regional or state governments. Its features include:

1. Dual government: Federalism establishes two levels of government - the central or federal government and the state or regional governments. Each level has its own set of powers and responsibilities.

2. Division of powers: The powers and functions of the government are divided between the central and state governments. Certain powers are exclusively held by the central government, while others are reserved for the states.

3. Written constitution: Federalism is usually accompanied by a written constitution that clearly defines the powers and limitations of each level of government.

4. Supremacy of the constitution: The constitution is the supreme law of the land, and both the central and state governments must operate within its framework.

5. Independent judiciary: Federalism requires an independent judiciary to interpret and enforce the constitution, resolve disputes between the central and state governments, and protect the rights of individuals.

6. Coordination and cooperation: The central and state governments must work together to address shared concerns and challenges, and they often collaborate through various mechanisms such as intergovernmental agreements and councils.

7. Protection of state rights: Federalism ensures that the states have certain powers and autonomy to govern themselves, protecting their interests and promoting

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