Introduction:
The non-cooperation movement was launched by Mahatma Gandhi in 1920 as a means to protest against British colonial rule in India. It aimed to mobilize the masses and achieve independence through non-violent means. However, after gaining significant momentum, Gandhi unexpectedly called off the movement in 1922 due to certain events and concerns.

Reasons for starting the non-cooperation movement:
1. Rowlatt Act: The Rowlatt Act, passed in 1919, allowed the British government to arrest and imprison Indians without trial. This act sparked widespread discontent and protests across the country, creating a need for a more organized and unified movement.

2. Jallianwala Bagh Massacre: The brutal massacre in Amritsar in 1919, where British troops fired on a peaceful gathering, further intensified the desire for independence and fueled anger against British rule.

3. Gandhi's Vision of Swaraj: Mahatma Gandhi envisioned a free India where people would govern themselves. He believed in the principle of non-violence and non-cooperation as effective tools to achieve independence.

4. Mass Mobilization: Gandhi aimed to mobilize the masses, especially the common people, to actively participate in the freedom struggle. He wanted to unite Hindus and Muslims under a common cause and break the barriers of caste and religion.

Reasons for calling off the movement:
1. Chauri Chaura Incident: The Chauri Chaura incident in February 1922, where a mob of protestors burned down a police station and killed 22 policemen, deeply troubled Gandhi. He believed that non-violence was the essence of the movement, and the incident contradicted his principles.

2. Fear of Escalating Violence: Gandhi was concerned that the movement could turn violent, especially after the Chauri Chaura incident. He feared that the masses, driven by anger and frustration, might resort to more acts of violence, which would undermine the non-violent nature of the movement.

3. Lack of Discipline: Gandhi was also disappointed by the lack of discipline among the participants of the movement. He noticed cases of hooliganism and felt that the movement was losing its focus and becoming a platform for venting personal grievances rather than achieving the larger goal of independence.

Conclusion:
Although the non-cooperation movement was initiated with the aim of achieving independence, Gandhi's decision to call it off in 1922 was influenced by the Chauri Chaura incident and concerns over escalating violence and lack of discipline. Despite its premature end, the movement had a significant impact on the Indian freedom struggle and inspired future generations in their pursuit of independence.

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