Microbial transformation is the process of using microorganisms to transform one compound into another. This process is widely used in the production of steroids, where microorganisms are used to modify the structure of the steroid molecule. One of the most commonly used steroids in microbial transformation is cholesterol.

Why is cholesterol used for microbial transformation?

Cholesterol is a naturally occurring steroid in the body, and it serves as a precursor for the synthesis of many other steroids. Cholesterol is also readily available from animal sources, making it easy to obtain in bulk quantities for use in microbial transformation.

How is cholesterol transformed by microorganisms?

Microorganisms use a variety of enzymes to modify the structure of the cholesterol molecule. For example, some microorganisms use oxidoreductases to oxidize the hydroxyl group at position 3 of the cholesterol molecule, forming 3-ketosteroids. Other microorganisms use hydroxylases to add hydroxyl groups to the steroid molecule, while still others use dehydrogenases to remove hydrogen atoms from the molecule.

What are the applications of microbial transformation using cholesterol?

Microbial transformation using cholesterol has many applications in the pharmaceutical and chemical industries. For example, microbial transformation can be used to produce steroid hormones such as cortisol, testosterone, and progesterone. These hormones are used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including inflammation, hormonal imbalances, and fertility issues. Microbial transformation can also be used to produce other steroid derivatives, such as bile acids, which are used in the production of detergents and other industrial products.

In conclusion, cholesterol is the steroid most commonly used for microbial transformation due to its availability and versatility. Microorganisms use a variety of enzymes to modify the cholesterol molecule, producing a wide range of steroid derivatives with many practical applications.