Bryophytes are haplodiplontic they have dominant phase as gametophyte..


They are divided into two –
1.Liverworts
2.Mosses

In liverwort sporophyte is completely dependent on gametophyte ,whereas in mosses sporophyte is less dependent on gametophyte.

A dominant ,independent, photosynthetic thalloid or erect phase is represented by a haploid gametophyte and it alternates with the short-lived multicellular sporophyte which is totally or partially dependent on the gametophyte for its anchorage and nutrition ,all bryophyte represent this pattern

some cells of the sporophyte undergoes reduction divison to produce haploid spores .These spores germinate to produce gametophyte .

so,ans is 4th

Bryophytes comprise
Bryophytes are a group of non-vascular plants that includes mosses, liverworts, and hornworts. They are considered to be the simplest and most primitive plants. Bryophytes have a unique life cycle that involves alternating generations of gametophytes and sporophytes.

Life Cycle of Bryophytes
The life cycle of bryophytes is characterized by the alternation of generations, where the gametophyte and sporophyte generations alternate with each other.

1. Gametophyte Generation:
The gametophyte generation is the dominant phase in bryophytes. It is a haploid generation that produces gametes (sex cells) through mitosis. The gametophyte is usually a small, leafy structure that grows on the ground or on other plants. It is the conspicuous green structure that we commonly refer to as "moss."

2. Spore Formation:
The gametophyte produces sex organs called antheridia (male) and archegonia (female). The antheridia produce sperm cells, while the archegonia produce egg cells. Fertilization occurs when a sperm cell swims through a film of water and reaches the egg cell. This results in the formation of a diploid zygote.

3. Sporophyte Generation:
The zygote develops into the sporophyte generation, which is the non-photosynthetic phase of the life cycle. The sporophyte is dependent on the gametophyte for water and nutrients. It is usually a small structure that is attached to the gametophyte. The sporophyte produces spores through meiosis.

4. Spore Dispersal:
The spores are released from the sporophyte and are dispersed by wind or water. When a spore lands in a suitable environment, it germinates and grows into a new gametophyte, completing the life cycle.

Answer Explanation:
The correct answer is option 'D' - small sporophyte phase and generally parasitic on gametophyte. This is because in bryophytes, the sporophyte generation is small and dependent on the gametophyte for nutrients. The sporophyte is generally attached to the gametophyte and obtains water and nutrients from it. It is non-photosynthetic and relies on the gametophyte for survival. Therefore, option 'D' accurately describes the dominant phase of the sporophyte in bryophytes.