Each of the following items consists of two statements, one labelled a...
Premise and the other as the conclusion. Determine whether the conclusion is logically inferred from the premise or not.
1. Premise: All dogs are mammals.
Conclusion: All mammals are dogs.
2. Premise: All cats have fur.
Conclusion: All animals with fur are cats.
3. Premise: Some birds can fly.
Conclusion: All birds can fly.
4. Premise: All triangles have three sides.
Conclusion: All shapes with three sides are triangles.
5. Premise: All apples are fruits.
Conclusion: All fruits are apples.
6. Premise: All whales are mammals.
Conclusion: All mammals are whales.
7. Premise: All squares are rectangles.
Conclusion: All rectangles are squares.
8. Premise: Some snakes are venomous.
Conclusion: All snakes are venomous.
9. Premise: All penguins are birds.
Conclusion: All birds are penguins.
10. Premise: All roses are flowers.
Conclusion: All flowers are roses.
Logical inferences:
1. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because all dogs are mammals, it does not mean that all mammals are dogs. There are other mammals, such as cats, horses, and humans, that are not dogs.
2. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because all cats have fur, it does not mean that all animals with fur are cats. There are other animals, such as dogs, rabbits, and bears, that have fur but are not cats.
3. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because some birds can fly, it does not mean that all birds can fly. There are bird species, such as penguins and ostriches, that cannot fly.
4. The conclusion is logically inferred from the premise. All triangles, by definition, have three sides. Therefore, all shapes with three sides are triangles.
5. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because all apples are fruits, it does not mean that all fruits are apples. There are other fruits, such as oranges, bananas, and grapes, that are not apples.
6. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because all whales are mammals, it does not mean that all mammals are whales. There are other mammals, such as dogs, cats, and humans, that are not whales.
7. The conclusion is logically inferred from the premise. All squares are a type of rectangle, as they meet the definition of a rectangle. Therefore, all rectangles are squares.
8. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because some snakes are venomous, it does not mean that all snakes are venomous. There are snake species, such as corn snakes and garter snakes, that are not venomous.
9. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because all penguins are birds, it does not mean that all birds are penguins. There are other bird species, such as eagles, sparrows, and flamingos, that are not penguins.
10. The conclusion is not logically inferred from the premise. Just because all roses are flowers, it does not mean that all flowers are roses. There are other flowers, such as sunflowers, tulips, and daisies, that are not roses.