Insertional Inactivation and Enzyme Inactivation
Insertional inactivation is a process used for identifying bacteria that have taken up foreign DNA. This process involves the insertion of a piece of foreign DNA into a specific gene, resulting in the inactivation of that gene. In the case of lacZ gene, which codes for beta-galactosidase enzyme, the inactivation leads to the loss of enzyme activity.

Explanation of Options
- LacZ: The lacZ gene is the gene that codes for the beta-galactosidase enzyme in bacteria. In insertional inactivation, the lacZ gene is disrupted by the insertion of foreign DNA, leading to the inactivation of the beta-galactosidase enzyme.
- Beta-galactosidase: Beta-galactosidase is the enzyme encoded by the lacZ gene. When the lacZ gene is inactivated through insertional inactivation, the beta-galactosidase enzyme becomes non-functional.
- Alpha-galactosidase: Alpha-galactosidase is not directly involved in insertional inactivation following enzyme inactivation. Therefore, it is not affected by this process.
- All: The correct answer is option 'D' because both lacZ gene and beta-galactosidase enzyme are inactivated during insertional inactivation. Therefore, all the mentioned options are affected in this process.
In conclusion, during insertional inactivation, both the lacZ gene and beta-galactosidase enzyme are inactivated, leading to the loss of enzyme activity. This process is commonly used in molecular biology to study gene function and regulation.

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