Perisperm of pepper and female gametophyte in cycas act as food reservoir like endosperm in angiosperms... Embryos derive their nutrition from them.

Endosperm of angiosperm has analogy with:


The correct answer is option (3) both 1 and 2, which means that the endosperm of angiosperms has an analogy with both the perisperm of black pepper and the female gametophyte of Pinus. Let's explore this in detail:

1. Perisperm of black pepper:
Perisperm is a tissue that surrounds the developing embryo in some seeds. It is derived from the nucellus or integuments of the ovule. In the case of black pepper (Piper nigrum), the perisperm is a storage tissue that provides nourishment to the developing embryo. It is rich in starch and other nutrients, serving as a source of energy during germination.

2. Female gametophyte of Pinus:
In gymnosperms like Pinus, the female gametophyte is a multicellular structure called the embryo sac. Unlike the endosperm in angiosperms, the female gametophyte in Pinus does not contribute to the nutritive tissue of the seed. Instead, it plays a role in fertilization and subsequent embryo development.

3. Endosperm of angiosperms:
In angiosperms, the endosperm is a specialized tissue that develops after fertilization. It is formed by the fusion of a sperm cell with the polar nuclei in the central cell of the female gametophyte. The endosperm serves as a storage tissue, providing nutrients to the developing embryo. It is typically rich in starch, proteins, and other substances necessary for the embryo's growth and development.

Analogy between endosperm, perisperm, and female gametophyte:
Both the endosperm of angiosperms and the perisperm of black pepper serve as storage tissues that provide nourishment to the developing embryo. They are rich in starch and other nutrients, ensuring the embryo's survival and growth during germination. Similarly, the female gametophyte of Pinus plays a role in the development of the embryo but does not contribute to the nutritive tissue of the seed.

Therefore, the endosperm of angiosperms shares an analogy with both the perisperm of black pepper and the female gametophyte of Pinus. They are all involved in nourishing the developing embryo, although they differ in their origin and composition.