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𝙌.1. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙧𝙨𝙩 𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙉𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙢 𝙞𝙣 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘼𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙣 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣(𝙘) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙍𝙪𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣(𝙙) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙄𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.2. 𝙉𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙢 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙤𝙛 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙤𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙣 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚(𝙘) 𝙈𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝘿𝙮𝙣𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙎𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙖)𝙌.3. 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙘 𝙎𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙪, 𝙖 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙩, 𝙞𝙣 𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙨 (1848) 𝙫𝙞𝙨𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙝𝙞𝙨 𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙢 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙖𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝘼 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙢𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙪𝙥 𝙤𝙛 ‘𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙨’(𝙗) 𝘼 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙢𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙪𝙥 𝙤𝙛 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣, 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙(𝙘) 𝘼 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙧(𝙙) 𝘼 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙡𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙤𝙬𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙜𝙞𝙤𝙣, 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙜𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙖)𝙌𝙐𝙀𝙎𝙏𝙄𝙊𝙉𝙎 [1 𝙈𝘼𝙍𝙆]𝙌.4. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙖𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙐𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙚𝙣𝙟𝙤𝙮𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 𝙪𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙖 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙚𝙭𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙖𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝙇𝙖 𝙋𝙖𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙚 (𝙗) 𝙇𝙚 𝘾𝙞𝙩𝙤𝙮𝙚𝙣(𝙘) 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 (𝙖) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 (𝙗)(𝙙) 𝙉𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.5. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘾𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡 𝘾𝙤𝙙𝙚 𝙤𝙛 1804, 𝙖𝙡𝙨𝙤 𝙠𝙣𝙤𝙬𝙣 𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙖𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙤𝙣𝙞𝙘 𝘾𝙤𝙙𝙚, 𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙗𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙝𝙚𝙙 :(𝙖) 𝙀𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙗𝙚𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙖𝙬(𝙗) 𝙎𝙚𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙮(𝙘) 𝘿𝙞𝙙 𝙖𝙬𝙖𝙮 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙜𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙖𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙞𝙧𝙩𝙝(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.6. 𝙒𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙗𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣?(𝙖) 𝙄𝙩 𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙮(𝙗) 𝙄𝙩 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙨𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙤 𝙖 𝙗𝙤𝙙𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙘𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙯𝙚𝙣𝙨(𝙘) 𝙄𝙩 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙝𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙝 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙝𝙖𝙥𝙚 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙮(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝘿)𝙌.7. 𝙉𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙌.7. 𝙉𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙞𝙣 1848.(𝙖) 𝙇𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮(𝙗) 𝘼𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙨, 𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙠𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙨 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙥𝙨(𝙘) 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙮 𝙞𝙣 𝙎𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙯𝙚𝙧𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙(𝙙) 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙛𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙙𝙤𝙢 𝙞𝙣 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙘𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.8. 𝙎𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙙𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙩 𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙣 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚 𝙙𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙢𝙞𝙙-𝙚𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙝𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙮 𝙬𝙖𝙨_ .(𝙖) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙤𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 (𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙮 (𝙘) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘾𝙝𝙪𝙧𝙘𝙝 (𝙙) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙚 𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙨𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙖)𝙌.9. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙛 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙪𝙛𝙛𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚, 𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤_.(𝙖) 𝙍𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨(𝙗) 𝙒𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙣𝙤𝙣-𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙙 𝙢𝙚𝙣 𝙤𝙧𝙜𝙖𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙢𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨, 𝙙𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙤𝙪𝙩 19𝙩𝙝 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙡𝙮 20𝙩𝙝 𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨(𝙘) 𝘿𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨(𝙙) 𝙍𝙚𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙮𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.10. 𝙄𝙣 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙨, 𝙡𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙢 𝙚𝙢𝙥𝙝𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙙(𝙖) 𝙀𝙣𝙙 𝙤𝙛 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙜𝙚𝙨, 𝙖 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙜𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙋𝙖𝙧𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙫𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙖𝙗𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙧𝙞𝙫𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙮(𝙘) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙫𝙤𝙩𝙚(𝙙) 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 (𝙖) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 (𝙗)𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.11. 𝙁𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙙𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙇𝙞𝙨𝙩, 𝙖 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙛𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙤𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙀𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘𝙨, 𝙝𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚 𝙩𝙬𝙤 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙢𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙪𝙧𝙚𝙨. 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚_.(𝙖) 𝙄𝙣𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙚 𝙞𝙣 𝙥𝙤𝙬𝙚𝙧 𝙞𝙣 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚(𝙗) 𝘽𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙤 𝙖 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣(𝙘) 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 (𝙖) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 (𝙗)(𝙙) 𝘼𝙬𝙖𝙠𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝 𝙖 𝙛𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙨𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙢𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.12. 𝙒𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙣𝙚𝙬 𝙨𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙞𝙩 𝙜𝙪𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙙 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙉𝙖𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙤𝙣’𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩?(𝙖) 𝙁𝙖𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙨𝙢 (𝙗) 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙫𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙢(𝙘) 𝙉𝙖𝙯𝙞𝙨𝙢 (𝙙) 𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙢𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.13. 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙚𝙬 𝙧𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙨, 𝙨𝙚𝙩 𝙪𝙥 𝙞𝙣 1815, 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙪𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙙𝙞𝙙 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙩𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙘𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙨𝙢 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙩(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙞𝙢𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙤𝙧𝙨𝙝𝙞𝙥 𝙡𝙖𝙬𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙡 𝙬𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙨𝙖𝙞𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙣𝙚𝙬𝙨𝙥𝙖𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨, 𝙥𝙡𝙖𝙮𝙨, 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝙚𝙩𝙘.(𝙘) 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙘𝙪𝙧𝙗𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙡𝙚𝙜𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙢𝙖𝙘𝙮(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.14. 𝙍𝙚𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙡𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 1815, 𝙞𝙣 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚, 𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤(𝙖) 𝘼𝙧𝙢𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨(𝙗) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙬 𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙝𝙮(𝙘) 𝙎𝙚𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙩 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙩𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙖𝙨(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.15. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙚𝙚 𝙡𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙝𝙚𝙡𝙥𝙚𝙙 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙮 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 :(𝙖) 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞, 𝙑𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝙀𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙡 𝙄𝙄, 𝘾𝙖𝙫𝙤𝙪𝙧(𝙗) 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞, 𝘾𝙖𝙫𝙤𝙪𝙧, 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙂𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙖𝙡𝙙𝙞(𝙘) 𝙑𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝙀𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙡, 𝘽𝙞𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙠, 𝘾𝙖𝙫𝙤𝙪𝙧(𝙙) 𝙉𝙤𝙣𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.16. 𝙄𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 19𝙩𝙝 𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙮, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙨 𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙗𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙨 :𝙌.16. 𝙄𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 19𝙩𝙝 𝙘𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙮, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙖𝙧𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙨 𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙗𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙁𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙝 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙚, 𝙖 𝙥𝙤𝙥𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝘾𝙝𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣(𝙗) 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙚, 𝙖 𝙛𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙪𝙧𝙚, 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙥, 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙠𝙖𝙙𝙚(𝙘) 𝘼𝙨 𝙖 𝙛𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚 𝙣𝙖𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙈𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙣𝙚, 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙡𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙩𝙮 (𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙥, 𝙖 𝙗𝙧𝙤𝙠𝙚𝙣 𝙘𝙝𝙖𝙞𝙧) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙍𝙚𝙥𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙞𝙘 (𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙖𝙥, 𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙤𝙪𝙧 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙘𝙠𝙖𝙙𝙚)(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.17. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙤𝙛 1830 𝙖𝙣𝙙 1848 𝘼𝘿 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙮 :(𝙖) 𝙇𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙘𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙨(𝙘) 𝙇𝙞𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙢𝙞𝙙𝙙𝙡𝙚 𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨 𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙚, 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙛𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙤𝙧𝙨, 𝙨𝙘𝙝𝙤𝙤𝙡 𝙩𝙚𝙖𝙘𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙨, 𝙘𝙡𝙪𝙗𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙚𝙢𝙗𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙚𝙧𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙢𝙞𝙙𝙙𝙡𝙚 𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙨𝙨(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.18. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙉𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙩 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙨 𝙜𝙤𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙤𝙧𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙒𝙚𝙨𝙩 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙛𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙪𝙨𝙡𝙞𝙢 𝙊𝙩𝙩𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙀𝙢𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙚(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚𝙮 𝙝𝙖𝙙 𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠 𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚(𝙘) 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙘𝙚 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙧𝙖𝙙𝙡𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙀𝙪𝙧𝙤𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙣 𝙘𝙞𝙫𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙨𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.19. 𝘾𝙖𝙫𝙤𝙪𝙧’𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙤 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙬𝙖𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝘿𝙞𝙥𝙡𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙣𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝘼𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖(𝙗) 𝙒𝙖𝙧 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝘼𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘽𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙗𝙤𝙣𝙨.(𝙘) 𝘿𝙞𝙥𝙡𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙞𝙣 1859 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙚𝙣𝙜𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙎𝙖𝙧𝙙𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙖 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙋𝙞𝙚𝙙𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙩(𝙙) 𝘿𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙤𝙪𝙧𝙗𝙤𝙣 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜𝙨 𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.20. 𝙒𝙝𝙤 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞? 𝙒𝙝𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣?(𝙖) 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙚𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙖𝙣 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙧𝙮, 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙞𝙣 1810(𝙗) 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙖𝙣 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣, 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝙂𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙖, 𝙞𝙣 1807(𝙘) 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝘾𝙤𝙧𝙨𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙣, 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝙂𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙖 𝙞𝙣 1807(𝙙) 𝙂𝙞𝙪𝙨𝙚𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙯𝙯𝙞𝙣𝙞 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙤𝙪𝙨 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙧, 𝙗𝙤𝙧𝙣 𝙞𝙣 𝙂𝙚𝙣𝙤𝙖 𝙞𝙣 1810𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.21. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙪𝙧𝙥𝙤𝙨𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙝𝙞𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 “𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙈𝙖𝙨𝙨𝙖𝙘𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙩 𝘾𝙝𝙞𝙤𝙨” 𝙗𝙮 𝙀𝙪𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙚 𝘿𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙘𝙧𝙤𝙞𝙭, 1824, 𝙬𝙖𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙤 𝙖𝙥𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙡 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙨𝙮𝙢𝙥𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙮 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙨(𝙗) 𝙏𝙤 𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙞𝙣𝙘𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙞𝙘𝙝 20,000 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙚𝙠𝙨 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙠𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙙(𝙘) 𝙏𝙤 𝙛𝙤𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙤𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙪𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙘𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙣(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.22. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙞𝙢 𝙤𝙛 𝙍𝙤𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙨𝙢, 𝙖 𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙢𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩, 𝙬𝙖𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙤 𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙖 𝙨𝙚𝙣𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙘𝙤𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙘𝙩𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙝𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚, 𝙖 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙥𝙖𝙨𝙩, 𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙗𝙖𝙨𝙞𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣(𝙗) 𝙂𝙡𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙨𝙘𝙞𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙨𝙤𝙣(𝙘) 𝙏𝙤 𝙛𝙤𝙘𝙪𝙨 𝙤𝙣 𝙚𝙢𝙤𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨, 𝙞𝙣𝙩𝙪𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙛𝙚𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙣𝙜(𝙙) 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 (𝙖) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 (𝙘)𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.23. 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙥𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙤𝙥𝙝𝙚𝙧 𝙅𝙤𝙝𝙖𝙣𝙣 𝙂𝙤𝙩𝙛𝙧𝙞𝙚𝙙 𝙃𝙚𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙚 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣 𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙚 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙙𝙞𝙨𝙘𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝(𝙖) 𝙁𝙤𝙡𝙠 𝙨𝙤𝙣𝙜𝙨, 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙠 𝙥𝙤𝙚𝙩𝙧𝙮, 𝙛𝙤𝙡𝙠 𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝙨(𝙗) 𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙢𝙤𝙣 𝙥𝙚𝙤𝙥𝙡𝙚 — 𝙙𝙖𝙨 𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙠(𝙘) 𝙑𝙚𝙧𝙣𝙖𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙧 𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙜𝙚(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.24. 𝙄𝙣 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚, 1848 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙣 :𝙌.24. 𝙄𝙣 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚, 1848 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙬𝙝𝙚𝙣 :(𝙖) 𝙇𝙤𝙪𝙞𝙨 𝙋𝙝𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙥𝙥𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙩𝙝𝙧𝙤𝙣𝙚𝙙, 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚 𝙙𝙚𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙖 𝙍𝙚𝙥𝙪𝙗𝙡𝙞𝙘(𝙗) 𝙎𝙪𝙛𝙛𝙧𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙩𝙤 𝙖𝙡𝙡 𝙢𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚 21 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙬𝙤𝙧𝙠 𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙚𝙚𝙙(𝙘) 𝙁𝙤𝙤𝙙 𝙨𝙝𝙤𝙧𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚𝙨, 𝙬𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙 𝙪𝙣𝙚𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙤𝙮𝙚𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩 𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩 𝙞𝙣 𝙋𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙨(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.25. 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙚𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙞𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙞𝙖 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙞𝙣 1845𝙖𝙜𝙖𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 :(𝙖) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙜𝙖𝙫𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙢 𝙤𝙧𝙙𝙚𝙧𝙨 𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡𝙡𝙮 𝙧𝙚𝙙𝙪𝙘𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙥𝙖𝙮𝙢𝙚𝙣𝙩𝙨.(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙩𝙤𝙤𝙠 𝙖𝙙𝙫𝙖𝙣𝙩𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙢𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙧𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙣𝙚𝙚𝙙 𝙛𝙤𝙧 𝙟𝙤𝙗𝙨.(𝙘) 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 𝘼 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝘽.(𝙙) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙖𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙨 𝙝𝙖𝙙 𝙠𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙚𝙙 𝙚𝙡𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙣 𝙬𝙚𝙖𝙫𝙚𝙧𝙨.𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.26. 𝘼 ‘𝙁𝙚𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙞𝙨𝙩’ 𝙞𝙨 :(𝙖) 𝘼 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙤𝙣 𝙖𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙤𝙛 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣’𝙨 𝙧𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙩𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡, 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣(𝙗) 𝘼 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙤𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙬𝙤𝙢𝙚𝙣 𝙖𝙧𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙬𝙚𝙖𝙠𝙚𝙧 𝙨𝙚𝙭(𝙘) 𝘼 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙤𝙣 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙗𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙫𝙚𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙖𝙩 𝙜𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙬𝙤𝙪𝙡𝙙 𝙙𝙚𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙮 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙙𝙞𝙜𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙛𝙖𝙢𝙞𝙡𝙮 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙚𝙧 𝙝𝙖𝙧𝙢𝙤𝙣𝙮(𝙙) 𝘼 𝙥𝙚𝙧𝙨𝙤𝙣 𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙙𝙮 𝙩𝙤 𝙜𝙞𝙫𝙚 𝙨𝙤𝙘𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙧 𝙚𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙘 𝙚𝙦𝙪𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙮𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙖)𝙌.27. 𝙃𝙤𝙬 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙘𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙬𝙝𝙤 𝙬𝙖𝙨𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙞𝙢𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙧?(𝙖) 𝘼𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮 𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙨, 𝙆𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙧 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙢 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙧(𝙗) 𝘼𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 3 𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙛𝙤𝙪𝙜𝙝𝙩 𝙤𝙫𝙚𝙧 7 𝙮𝙚𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙬𝙞𝙩𝙝 𝘼𝙪𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙖, 𝘿𝙚𝙣𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙠 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚, 𝙆𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙧 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙢 𝙄 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙧 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙚𝙙 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙮.(𝙘) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝙂𝙚𝙧𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙃𝙖𝙗𝙨𝙗𝙪𝙧𝙜 𝙀𝙢𝙥𝙞𝙧𝙚 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙢𝙖𝙙𝙚 𝙆𝙖𝙞𝙨𝙚𝙧 𝙒𝙞𝙡𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙢 𝙄 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙧(𝙙) 𝙊𝙩𝙩𝙤 𝙫𝙤𝙣 𝘽𝙞𝙨𝙢𝙖𝙧𝙘𝙠 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙡𝙚𝙧 𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙙𝙚𝙛𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙁𝙧𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙗)𝙌.28. 𝙂𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙖𝙡𝙙𝙞 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙩𝙧𝙞𝙗𝙪𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙞𝙖𝙣 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙛𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙗𝙮 :(𝙖) 𝘿𝙚𝙘𝙡𝙖𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙑𝙞𝙘𝙩𝙤𝙧 𝙀𝙢𝙢𝙖𝙣𝙪𝙚𝙡 𝙖𝙨 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙠𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙤𝙛 𝙪𝙣𝙞𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣 1860(𝙗) 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙋𝙖𝙥𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙨 𝙞𝙣 1860.(𝙘) 𝘾𝙤𝙣𝙦𝙪𝙚𝙧𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙩𝙬𝙤 𝙎𝙞𝙘𝙞𝙡𝙞𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙎𝙤𝙪𝙩𝙝 𝙄𝙩𝙖𝙡𝙮 𝙞𝙣 1860.(𝙙) 𝘽𝙤𝙩𝙝 (𝙖) 𝙖𝙣𝙙 (𝙘)𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)𝙌.29. 𝙎𝙤𝙢𝙚 𝙝𝙞𝙨𝙩𝙤𝙧𝙞𝙖𝙣𝙨 𝙘𝙤𝙣𝙨𝙞𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙂𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙖𝙞𝙣 𝙖𝙨 𝙖 𝙢𝙤𝙙𝙚𝙡 𝙤𝙛 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 :(𝙖) 𝙄𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙘𝙧𝙚𝙖𝙩𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙖 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙬𝙣-𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙧𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙨𝙩𝙧𝙪𝙜𝙜𝙡𝙚(𝙗) 𝙄𝙩 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙢𝙚 𝙖 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣-𝙨𝙩𝙖𝙩𝙚 𝙖𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙛𝙤𝙧𝙘𝙞𝙣𝙜 𝙎𝙘𝙤𝙩𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙, 𝙒𝙖𝙡𝙚𝙨 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙄𝙧𝙚𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙩𝙤 𝙨𝙪𝙗𝙢𝙞𝙩 𝙩𝙤 𝙞𝙩.(𝙘) 𝙄𝙩 𝙬𝙖𝙨 𝙣𝙤𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙨𝙪𝙙𝙙𝙚𝙣 𝙪𝙥𝙝𝙚𝙖𝙫𝙖𝙡 𝙤𝙧 𝙧𝙚𝙫𝙤𝙡𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣, 𝙗𝙪𝙩 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙪𝙡𝙩 𝙤𝙛 𝙖 𝙡𝙤𝙣𝙜-𝙙𝙧𝙖𝙬𝙣-𝙤𝙪𝙩 𝙥𝙧𝙤𝙘𝙚𝙨𝙨.(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙘)𝙌.30. 𝙐𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝘽𝙧𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙙𝙤𝙢𝙞𝙣𝙖𝙣𝙘𝙚, 𝙎𝙘𝙤𝙩𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙨𝙪𝙛𝙛𝙚𝙧𝙚𝙙 𝙗𝙚𝙘𝙖𝙪𝙨𝙚 𝙤𝙛 :(𝙖) 𝙎𝙮𝙨𝙩𝙚𝙢𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙘 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝙤𝙛 𝙞𝙩𝙨 𝙘𝙪𝙡𝙩𝙪𝙧𝙖𝙡 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙥𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙖𝙡 𝙞𝙣𝙨𝙩𝙞𝙩𝙪𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙨(𝙗) 𝙏𝙝𝙚 𝘾𝙖𝙩𝙝𝙤𝙡𝙞𝙘𝙨 𝙤𝙛 𝙎𝙘𝙤𝙩𝙩𝙞𝙨𝙝 𝙃𝙞𝙜𝙝𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙙𝙨 𝙬𝙚𝙧𝙚 𝙧𝙪𝙩𝙝𝙡𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙡𝙮 𝙨𝙪𝙥𝙥𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨𝙚𝙙 𝙖𝙣𝙙 𝙡𝙤𝙨𝙩 𝙞𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙥𝙚𝙣𝙙𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚(𝙘) 𝘿𝙚𝙣𝙞𝙖𝙡 𝙩𝙤 𝙨𝙥𝙚𝙖𝙠 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙂𝙖𝙚𝙡𝙞𝙘 𝙡𝙖𝙣𝙜𝙪𝙖𝙜𝙚 𝙤𝙧 𝙬𝙚𝙖𝙧 𝙩𝙝𝙚𝙞𝙧 𝙣𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣𝙖𝙡 𝙙𝙧𝙚𝙨𝙨(𝙙) 𝘼𝙡𝙡 𝙩𝙝𝙚 𝙖𝙗𝙤𝙫𝙚𝘼𝙣𝙨. (𝙙)
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