No, both the statements are incorrect as for the first statement we can relate to china where only 1 party exist and people have no other choice despite being in democracy and for the second statement we can relate to Britain and Northern Ireland

The correct answer is option 'D', neither 1 nor 2. Let's examine each statement individually and analyze why they are not entirely correct:

1. All countries which hold elections are democratic polities:
While it is true that democracies require elections, the mere presence of elections does not guarantee that a country is a democratic polity. Elections are an important aspect of democracy, but they are just one piece of the puzzle. Other essential elements of a democracy include respect for human rights, rule of law, freedom of the press, independent judiciary, and protection of minority rights. Therefore, there may be countries that hold elections but do not meet all the necessary criteria to be considered democratic.

2. All countries that are democratic polities have a written constitution:
While many democratic countries have a written constitution, it is not a universal requirement for a country to be considered a democratic polity. Some democracies, like the United Kingdom, do not have a single codified constitution. Instead, they have an unwritten constitution that comprises various legal documents, statutes, and conventions. These countries still adhere to democratic principles despite not having a single written constitution.

Explanation:

- Elections do not guarantee democracy:
- Elections are an essential component of a democracy as they provide an opportunity for citizens to choose their representatives.
- However, elections alone do not necessarily ensure a democratic polity.
- A country may hold elections that are neither free nor fair, where the ruling party manipulates the process, suppresses opposition, or restricts the participation of certain groups.
- Therefore, the presence of elections alone is not sufficient to determine if a country is a democratic polity.

- Democratic polities require more than elections:
- Democracies are characterized by the presence of various institutions and principles that protect individual rights and promote public participation.
- These include freedom of speech, press, and assembly, an independent judiciary, a functioning civil society, and the rule of law.
- Without these essential elements, a country may have elections but still lack the necessary foundations of a democratic polity.

- Written constitution not a universal requirement:
- While many democratic countries have a written constitution, it is not a prerequisite for democracy.
- Some democracies, such as the United Kingdom and New Zealand, have an unwritten constitution.
- In these countries, the constitution is derived from a combination of legal documents, statutes, and conventions.
- The absence of a single written constitution does not undermine the democratic nature of these countries.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, it is incorrect to state that all countries holding elections are democratic polities (statement 1). Additionally, having a written constitution is not a universal requirement for a country to be considered a democratic polity (statement 2). Democracies are more complex systems that involve a range of institutions and principles, and these two statements oversimplify the concept of democracy.