The correct answer is option 'b) Bihar'.

Bihar has the highest poverty ratio among the given states.

Explanation:

1. Poverty Ratio: The poverty ratio is a measure that indicates the percentage of people living below the poverty line in a particular region or state. It is calculated based on various factors such as income, access to basic amenities, employment opportunities, etc.

2. Bihar: Bihar is a state located in the eastern part of India. It is known for its high population density and low socio-economic indicators. Bihar has been historically considered one of the poorest states in India.

3. Factors contributing to high poverty ratio in Bihar:

a) Agriculture-based economy: Bihar's economy is primarily based on agriculture, which is highly dependent on monsoon rainfall. Irregular rainfall, lack of irrigation facilities, and outdated farming practices contribute to low agricultural productivity and income generation. This leads to a high incidence of poverty among farmers and rural population.

b) Unemployment and underemployment: Bihar faces significant challenges in providing employment opportunities to its growing population. The state has a large number of unskilled and undereducated workforce, resulting in high unemployment and underemployment rates. Lack of job opportunities leads to income insecurity and a high poverty ratio.

c) Infrastructure and basic amenities: Bihar lags behind in terms of infrastructure development and access to basic amenities such as healthcare, education, sanitation, and electricity. The inadequate provision of these essential services further exacerbates poverty in the state.

d) Social factors: Bihar also faces social challenges such as caste-based discrimination, gender inequality, and low literacy rates, which contribute to the perpetuation of poverty.

4. Government initiatives: The state government of Bihar has undertaken various poverty alleviation programs and initiatives to address the issues of poverty. These include schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA), Jan Dhan Yojana, and skill development programs. However, the impact of these initiatives is yet to be fully realized.

In conclusion, Bihar has the highest poverty ratio among the given states due to factors such as an agriculture-based economy, high unemployment, inadequate infrastructure, and social challenges. Efforts are being made by the government to reduce poverty, but sustained and targeted interventions are required to alleviate poverty effectively in the state.