Single Citizenship:
- The concept of single citizenship in India means that every individual is considered a citizen of India and enjoys the same rights and privileges regardless of their place of residence within the country.
- Unlike some other countries with federal structures, where citizens also hold a separate citizenship of their respective states, India follows a unitary form of citizenship.
- The idea of single citizenship ensures national unity and prevents discrimination based on regional or state affiliations. It promotes a sense of belongingness and equality among all citizens.

Universal Adult Franchise:
- Universal adult franchise refers to the right of every adult citizen, irrespective of gender, caste, religion, or socio-economic status, to vote in elections.
- In India, the minimum voting age is set at 18 years, ensuring that all adults have the opportunity to participate in the democratic process.
- Universal adult franchise is a crucial feature of India's democratic system as it ensures equal representation and allows every citizen to have a say in the governance of the country.
- It promotes social inclusion and empowers marginalized sections of society by giving them a voice in decision-making.
- Universal adult franchise also strengthens the legitimacy of the government and promotes political stability by ensuring that rulers are chosen through a fair and inclusive process.

Fundamental Rights:
- Fundamental rights are the basic human rights guaranteed to every citizen of India.
- They are enshrined in Part III of the Indian Constitution and include rights such as the right to equality, right to freedom of speech and expression, right to protection from discrimination, right to life and personal liberty, etc.
- Fundamental rights are essential for the protection of individual liberties and provide citizens with a shield against arbitrary actions of the state.
- These rights are justiciable, which means that citizens can approach the courts for their enforcement in case of violation.
- Fundamental rights also act as a check on the power of the government and ensure that it does not infringe upon the rights and freedoms of the citizens.
- They play a crucial role in promoting social justice, equality, and inclusivity in society.
- However, these rights are subject to reasonable restrictions in the interest of public order, morality, and the sovereignty and integrity of the nation. This allows for a balance between individual rights and the collective welfare of society.

Fundamental rights are the basic features of the Indian Constitution