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Concept map for general organic chemistry ( isomerism and electron displacement effect )?
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General Organic Chemistry


Isomerism



  • Definition: Isomerism is a phenomenon in which two or more compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

  • Types of Isomerism:

    • Structural Isomerism: When compounds have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.

    • Geometric Isomerism: When compounds have the same molecular formula and the same structural formula but different spatial arrangements.

    • Optical Isomerism: When compounds have the same molecular formula and the same structural formula but differ in their ability to rotate plane-polarized light.



  • Examples:

    • Structural Isomerism: Butane and Isobutane

    • Geometric Isomerism: Cis- and Trans-2-butene

    • Optical Isomerism: Lactic Acid





Electron Displacement Effect



  • Definition: Electron displacement effect refers to the ability of certain functional groups or atoms within a molecule to either donate or withdraw electrons from neighboring atoms or functional groups.

  • Types of Electron Displacement Effects:

    • Inductive Effect: When the electrons are transferred through the sigma bonds.

    • Resonance Effect: When the electrons are transferred through the pi bonds.

    • Mesomeric Effect: Combination of both inductive and resonance effect.



  • Examples:

    • Inductive Effect: Chlorine atom in chlorobenzene

    • Resonance Effect: Nitro group in nitrobenzene

    • Mesomeric Effect: Carbonyl group in acetic acid





In conclusion, isomerism is the phenomenon of compounds having the same molecular formula but different structural formulae, which can be classified into three types: structural, geometric, and optical. Electron displacement effect is the ability of certain functional groups or atoms within a molecule to either donate or withdraw electrons from neighboring atoms or functional groups which can be classified into three types: inductive, resonance, and mesomeric effect. These concepts are important in understanding the behavior and properties of organic molecules.
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Concept map for general organic chemistry ( isomerism and electron displacement effect )?
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