Androecium of Malvaceae:

The Malvaceae family is a large group of flowering plants, commonly known as the mallow family. The androecium, which refers to the male reproductive structure of the flower, in Malvaceae is usually characterized by a specific arrangement of stamens.

Stamen Characteristics:

Stamens are the male reproductive organs of a flower, composed of an anther and a filament. In Malvaceae, the stamens exhibit certain distinct features, which help in identifying the androecium type.

Didynamous:

Didynamous androecium is characterized by the presence of four stamens, arranged in two pairs of different lengths. In this arrangement, the two longer stamens are called the anterior stamens, and the two shorter stamens are referred to as the posterior stamens. However, the presence of this androecium type is relatively rare in the Malvaceae family.

Tetradynamous:

Tetradynamous androecium is characterized by the presence of six stamens. In this arrangement, four stamens are arranged in two pairs of different lengths, similar to the didynamous androecium. However, in addition to these four stamens, there are two more stamens that are shorter and are usually located at the center.

Diadelphous:

Diadelphous androecium is characterized by the fusion of stamens into two groups. In this arrangement, the stamens are united by their filaments to form two distinct bundles or groups. This fusion can occur at different levels, either at the base or midway up the filaments. However, it is important to note that diadelphous androecium is relatively rare in the Malvaceae family.

Monadelphous:

Monadelphous androecium is characterized by the fusion of all the stamens into a single group. In this arrangement, the filaments of all the stamens are fused together to form a tube or a single structure. This type of androecium is relatively common in the Malvaceae family.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the androecium of the Malvaceae family can exhibit different arrangements of stamens. While didynamous, tetradynamous, and diadelphous androecium are relatively rare, monadelphous androecium is more commonly observed in this family. It is important to consider the specific characteristics of the stamens, such as their number and arrangement, to determine the type of androecium in Malvaceae.

d) monoadelphous