**Which of the following evolutionary processes are random?**

There are several evolutionary processes that contribute to the development and diversification of species. However, not all of these processes are random. Let's examine each of the options in detail:

**a) Gene flow:**
- Gene flow refers to the movement of genes from one population to another through the migration of individuals.
- This process is not random as it involves the deliberate movement and mixing of genes between populations.
- Gene flow can introduce new genetic variations into a population and can also increase genetic diversity.

**b) Mutation:**
- Mutation is the spontaneous change in DNA sequence that gives rise to new genetic variations.
- This process is considered random as mutations can occur randomly in the DNA of an individual.
- Mutations can be caused by various factors such as errors during DNA replication, exposure to mutagenic agents, or environmental factors.
- Mutations are the ultimate source of genetic diversity and can introduce new traits into a population.

**c) Natural selection:**
- Natural selection is a non-random process that acts on the variation present in a population.
- It is driven by the differential reproductive success of individuals with certain heritable traits, leading to the survival and reproduction of those individuals with advantageous traits.
- Natural selection favors traits that increase an organism's fitness in a specific environment, leading to the accumulation of beneficial traits over time.

**d) Speciation:**
- Speciation is the process through which new species arise from a common ancestor.
- It can occur through various mechanisms such as allopatric speciation (geographical isolation), sympatric speciation (reproductive isolation within the same geographical area), or parapatric speciation (speciation along a geographical gradient).
- Speciation is not a random process as it involves specific mechanisms and events that lead to the formation of new species.

**e) Genetic drift:**
- Genetic drift refers to the random fluctuations in allele frequencies in a population over time.
- It occurs due to chance events that can lead to the loss or fixation of certain alleles.
- Genetic drift is more pronounced in smaller populations where chance events can have a greater impact on allele frequencies.
- Unlike natural selection, genetic drift is a random process that can lead to the loss of genetic diversity.

In summary, of the given options, gene flow, mutation, natural selection, and speciation are not random processes as they involve specific mechanisms and events. On the other hand, genetic drift is a random process due to chance events that can impact allele frequencies in a population.

Option B is correct, mutation's are random chainges.. mutation's are first time discovered by hugodeveris.. in oenothera lamarkiana or evening primrose.. hugodeveris is also called father of mutations.. darwin said that mutation are spots of nature..