Aldehyde, Ketone & Carboxylic Acid Flash Card

Aldehydes:
- Aldehydes are a class of organic compounds that contain a carbonyl group (C=O) bonded to at least one hydrogen atom.
- The general formula for aldehydes is RCHO, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.
- Aldehydes can be prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols using mild oxidizing agents such as pyridinium chlorochromate or Jones reagent.
- They can also be obtained by the partial oxidation of primary alcohols using PCC (pyridinium chlorochromate) or Swern oxidation.
- Aldehydes have a characteristic fruity or pungent odor, and are often used as flavoring agents in food and perfumes.
- Some important examples of aldehydes include formaldehyde (CH2O), acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), and benzaldehyde (C6H5CHO).

Ketones:
- Ketones are another class of organic compounds that also contain a carbonyl group (C=O), but unlike aldehydes, they do not have any hydrogen atom bonded to the carbonyl carbon.
- The general formula for ketones is RCOR', where R and R' represent alkyl or aryl groups.
- Ketones can be prepared by the oxidation of secondary alcohols using strong oxidizing agents such as potassium dichromate or chromic acid.
- They can also be obtained by the reaction of Grignard reagents with carbonyl compounds, followed by hydrolysis.
- Ketones have a sweet, fruity odor and are commonly used as solvents, in the production of pharmaceuticals, and as intermediates in various organic reactions.
- Some important examples of ketones include acetone (CH3COCH3), methyl ethyl ketone (CH3COC2H5), and cyclohexanone (C6H10O).

Carboxylic Acids:
- Carboxylic acids are a class of organic compounds that contain a carboxyl group (–COOH). This functional group consists of a carbonyl group (C=O) and a hydroxyl group (–OH) bonded to the same carbon atom.
- The general formula for carboxylic acids is RCOOH, where R represents an alkyl or aryl group.
- Carboxylic acids can be prepared by the oxidation of primary alcohols using strong oxidizing agents such as potassium permanganate or chromic acid.
- They can also be obtained by the hydrolysis of nitriles, esters, or acid chlorides.
- Carboxylic acids have a sour taste and are responsible for the sourness of fruits like lemons and oranges.
- They are used in the production of various substances such as soaps, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
- Some important examples of carboxylic acids include acetic acid (CH3COOH), formic acid (HCOOH), and benzoic acid (C6H5COOH).

In summary, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids are important classes of organic compounds with distinct properties and applications. Aldehydes contain a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom, ketones have a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms, and carboxy