Formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons

Formation of Na2O:
• Sodium (Na) has one valence electron in its outer shell.
• Oxygen (O) has six valence electrons in its outer shell.
• To achieve stability, sodium will lose one electron to form Na+ ion, which has a complete outer shell.
• Oxygen will gain two electrons to form O2- ion, which also has a complete outer shell.
• These ions will then combine in a 1:2 ratio to form Na2O, where one Na+ ion is combined with two O2- ions.
• The transfer of electrons results in the formation of an ionic bond between Na+ and O2- ions, creating a stable compound Na2O.

Formation of MgO:
• Magnesium (Mg) has two valence electrons in its outer shell.
• Oxygen (O) has six valence electrons in its outer shell.
• Magnesium will lose two electrons to form Mg2+ ion, which achieves a complete outer shell.
• Oxygen will gain two electrons to form O2- ion, which also achieves a complete outer shell.
• These ions will combine in a 1:1 ratio to form MgO, where one Mg2+ ion is combined with one O2- ion.
• The transfer of electrons results in the formation of an ionic bond between Mg2+ and O2- ions, leading to the formation of a stable compound MgO.

In both cases, the transfer of electrons between the metal and non-metal atoms results in the formation of stable compounds through the creation of ionic bonds.