Vivipary in flowering plants is defined as the precocious and continuous growth of offspring when still attached to maternal parent. So correct option is D

Introduction

Vivipary is a type of seed germination process in which the seeds develop and begin to grow while still attached to the parent plant. In this process, the seeds germinate inside the fruit before it detaches from the parent plant or tree. Vivipary is commonly observed in certain plant species, especially in those that grow in wet or humid environments.

Explanation

Germination of seeds with cotyledons under the soil: This option is incorrect because vivipary refers to the germination of seeds inside the fruit while it is still on the parent tree, and not under the soil. The seeds do not need to be buried under the soil for vivipary to occur.

Formation of fruit with pollination: This option is incorrect because it describes the general process of pollination and fruit formation, which is not specific to vivipary. While pollination is necessary for the development of fruits, it does not necessarily lead to vivipary.

Development of seedling within an attached fruit: This option is correct. Vivipary involves the development of seedlings within an attached fruit. The seeds germinate and begin to grow while still inside the fruit, which is still attached to the parent plant or tree. This unique process allows the seedlings to start growing in a protected environment before they are dispersed.

Importance of vivipary: Vivipary is particularly advantageous in plants that grow in wet or humid environments. By germinating inside the fruit, the seedlings are protected from harsh environmental conditions and have a higher chance of survival. Once the fruit eventually falls or is dispersed, the seedlings are already well-developed and have a head start in establishing themselves in the new location.

Examples of viviparous plants: Some well-known examples of viviparous plants include certain mangrove species, such as the red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) and the black mangrove (Avicennia germinans). These plants grow in saline or brackish water environments, where vivipary provides a survival advantage. Other examples of viviparous plants include some species of orchids, bromeliads, and grasses.

Conclusion

Vivipary refers to the germination of seeds inside the fruit while it is still attached to the parent plant or tree. This unique process allows the seedlings to develop and grow in a protected environment before being dispersed. Vivipary is important for certain plant species, especially those that grow in wet or humid environments.