Around 4700 years ago: Earliest cities on the banks of the Indus River

- The Indus Valley Civilization, also known as the Harappan Civilization, emerged around 4700 years ago in the northwestern regions of the Indian subcontinent, primarily along the banks of the Indus River.
- This civilization was one of the earliest urban civilizations in the world, known for its advanced urban planning, well-structured cities, and sophisticated drainage systems.
- The cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the major centers of this civilization, showcasing a high level of architectural and technological advancements.
- The people of the Indus Valley Civilization were engaged in agriculture, trade, and crafts, and they had a system of writing, known as the Indus script, which is yet to be fully deciphered.
- The cities flourished due to their strategic location near the river, which provided a reliable source of water for irrigation, transportation, and trade.

Around 2500 years ago: Cities on the banks of the Ganges River and sea coasts

- Around 2500 years ago, several cities began to develop along the banks of the Ganges River and the sea coasts of the Indian subcontinent.
- The Ganges River, considered sacred by Hindus, provided fertile soil for agriculture, which was the main occupation of the people in these regions.
- Cities such as Varanasi, Patna, and Allahabad emerged along the banks of the Ganges, becoming important cultural, religious, and economic centers.
- These cities were known for their religious significance, with numerous temples, ghats (steps leading to the river), and pilgrim centers attracting devotees from far and wide.
- Along the sea coasts, cities like Mumbai, Kolkata, and Chennai developed as major ports, facilitating trade with other parts of the world.
- The sea coasts provided access to the Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and the Indian Ocean, making these cities ideal for maritime activities and international trade.

Conclusion

- The development of cities on the banks of the Indus River around 4700 years ago and later on the banks of the Ganges River and sea coasts around 2500 years ago was influenced by various factors such as agricultural opportunities, trade prospects, geographical advantages, and cultural significance.
- These cities played a crucial role in shaping the history, culture, and economy of the Indian subcontinent, leaving behind a rich heritage and legacy for future generations.