Main functions of a political party:(i) To contest elections:In most democracies, elections are fought mainly among the candidates put up by political parties. Parties select their candidates in different ways. In India, top party leaders choose candidates for contesting elections, (ii) Forming policies and programmes: Parties put forward different policies and programmes and the voters choose from them. Each of us may have different opinions and views on what policies are suitable for the society.(iii) Making laws:When parties come to power, they make laws for the country. Formally, laws are debated and passed in the legislature. Members of the ruling party follow the directions of party leaders, irrespective of their personal opinions.(iv) Parties form and run governments:Parties recruit leaders, train them and then make them ministers to run the government in the way they want.(v) Role of opposition:Parties that lose in elections, play the role of opposition to the parties in power by criticising the government for its failures or wrong policies.(vi) Shaping public opinion:They raise and highlight issues. Parties have lakhs of members and activists spread all over country. Many of the pressure groups are the extension of political parties among different sections of society. Parties, sometimes also launch movements for the resolution of problems faced by people.(vii) Access to government machinery and welfare schemes:For an ordinary citizen, it is easy to approach a local party leader than a government officer. That is why they feel close to parties even when they do not fully trust them. Parties have to be responsive to people's needs and demands.

Functions of Political Parties

Political parties play a crucial role in democratic systems by representing the interests of the people and providing a platform for political participation. They serve several important functions that contribute to the functioning of a democratic society. Below are some key functions of political parties:

1. Representation:
Political parties act as representatives of the public, articulating the diverse interests and concerns of different groups within society. By advocating for specific policies and ideologies, parties give a voice to citizens and ensure their views are taken into account in the decision-making process.

2. Political Mobilization:
Parties play a vital role in mobilizing citizens and encouraging their participation in political activities. They organize rallies, campaigns, and events to raise awareness about their policies and ideologies, aiming to engage and motivate individuals to vote and become active members of the political process.

3. Policy Formation:
Political parties develop and propose policies that reflect their ideological positions and address societal issues. Through debates, discussions, and consultations within the party, they formulate policy platforms that guide their actions when in power or in opposition. Parties facilitate the development of alternative policy options, fostering democratic debate and providing choices for voters.

4. Electoral Competition:
Political parties compete in elections to gain political power and influence. They present candidates for various offices and seek public support for their policies and agendas. This electoral competition is a fundamental aspect of democracy, allowing citizens to choose between different parties and hold them accountable for their actions.

5. Governance and Accountability:
When in power, political parties are responsible for governing the country or region they represent. They implement their policies, make decisions, and manage public affairs. Parties are accountable to the electorate and must deliver on their promises, ensuring transparency, efficiency, and responsiveness in governance.

6. Oversight and Opposition:
Political parties that are not in power fulfill the role of the opposition. They scrutinize the government's actions, policies, and decisions, holding them accountable for their actions. Opposition parties offer alternative viewpoints and act as a check on the ruling party, ensuring a healthy balance of power and fostering democratic debate.

7. Social Integration:
Political parties strive to bring diverse groups together and bridge societal divisions. They aim to build coalitions of individuals with different backgrounds, interests, and perspectives, fostering social cohesion and unity. Parties provide a platform for individuals to engage in political discourse, promoting dialogue and understanding among citizens.

In conclusion, political parties are essential components of democratic systems, fulfilling various functions that contribute to the proper functioning of a society. They represent the interests of citizens, participate in policy formation, compete in elections, and ensure accountability and governance, among other vital roles.