Apomixis as well as parthenogenesis do not involve meiosis and the fusion of the gametes. so correct answer is (b) parthenogenesis

Apomixis is a form of Parthenogenesis

Introduction:
Apomixis is a type of reproduction in plants where seeds are produced without fertilization. It is a form of Parthenogenesis, which is the development of an embryo without fertilization. In apomixis, the embryo develops from an egg cell without the involvement of male gametes.

Explanation:
Parthenogenesis:
Parthenogenesis is a type of asexual reproduction in which offspring are produced without the need for fertilization. It is commonly observed in certain species of insects, reptiles, and fish. In parthenogenesis, an unfertilized egg develops into an embryo without the contribution of genetic material from a male gamete. This results in offspring that are genetically identical or nearly identical to the mother.

Apomixis:
Apomixis is a specific type of parthenogenesis that occurs in plants. It is a mode of reproduction that bypasses the normal sexual reproduction process involving the fusion of male and female gametes. In apomixis, the embryo develops from an unfertilized egg cell, which is produced by a process called apomeiosis, where meiosis is bypassed or modified.

Characteristics of Apomixis:
1. Absence of fertilization: Apomixis involves the development of an embryo without the need for fertilization by male gametes.
2. Genetic similarity: The offspring produced through apomixis are genetically identical or nearly identical to the mother plant.
3. Clonal reproduction: Apomixis allows for clonal reproduction, where offspring are exact copies of the parent plant.
4. Seed production: In apomixis, seeds are produced without fertilization, and these seeds can germinate to give rise to new plants.

Conclusion:
Apomixis is a form of Parthenogenesis that occurs in plants. It involves the development of an embryo without the need for fertilization. This mode of reproduction allows for the production of genetically identical or nearly identical offspring, contributing to clonal reproduction in plants.