Runoff and its factors

Runoff refers to the water that flows over the surface of the ground and into rivers, lakes, and other bodies of water. The amount of runoff is affected by various factors, including:

Shape of the basin

The shape of the basin or the area of land that contributes water to a particular stream or river affects the amount of runoff. A basin with steep slopes and narrow valleys will produce more runoff than a basin with gentle slopes and broader valleys. This is because water flows more quickly over steep slopes and narrow valleys, and there is less time for the water to soak into the ground.

Elevation of watershed

The elevation of the watershed or the land area that drains into a particular stream or river also affects the amount of runoff. Higher elevations generally produce more runoff than lower elevations because there is more precipitation and less vegetation to absorb the water.

Water drift height

Water drift height or the height at which water flows over the ground also affects the amount of runoff. If the water drift height is high, more water will flow over the surface of the ground and into rivers and lakes.

All of the above

All of these factors (shape of the basin, elevation of watershed, and water drift height) affect the amount of runoff. Therefore, option C is the correct answer.

Conclusion

Runoff is an important aspect of the water cycle, and its amount is affected by various factors. The shape of the basin, elevation of watershed, and water drift height are some of the key factors that affect the amount of runoff. By understanding these factors, we can better manage our water resources and reduce the negative impacts of floods and droughts.