Orthogonal cutting:

Orthogonal cutting is a machining process in which the cutting edge of the tool is perpendicular to the line of its motion. It is commonly used in turning operations, where a single-point cutting tool is used to remove material and shape the workpiece.

Explanation:

The correct answer to the given question is option 'B', which states that in orthogonal cutting, the cutting edge is perpendicular to the line of its motion. Let's understand why this is the correct answer.

The Geometry of Orthogonal Cutting:

In orthogonal cutting, the cutting tool is oriented such that the cutting edge is perpendicular to the line of its motion. This means that the cutting edge is at a right angle to the direction in which the tool moves across the workpiece. The tool is positioned such that it makes contact with the workpiece at a single point called the cutting point.

Advantages of Orthogonal Cutting:

Orthogonal cutting offers several advantages in machining processes:

1. Simplicity: The geometry of orthogonal cutting is relatively simple compared to oblique cutting, where the cutting edge is inclined to the axis of the job. This makes it easier to analyze and predict the cutting forces, tool wear, and surface finish.

2. Lower Cutting Forces: The perpendicular orientation of the cutting edge in orthogonal cutting leads to lower cutting forces compared to oblique cutting. This reduces the power consumption and wear on the cutting tool.

3. Improved Surface Finish: Orthogonal cutting produces a better surface finish on the workpiece due to the perpendicular cutting action. This is particularly important in applications where a high-quality surface finish is required.

4. Reduced Tool Wear: The orientation of the cutting edge in orthogonal cutting helps to distribute the cutting forces more evenly, resulting in reduced tool wear. This increases the tool life and reduces the need for frequent tool replacements.

Conclusion:

In summary, orthogonal cutting is a machining process where the cutting edge of the tool is perpendicular to the line of its motion. This orientation offers advantages such as simplicity, lower cutting forces, improved surface finish, and reduced tool wear. Understanding the geometry of orthogonal cutting is essential in optimizing machining operations and achieving desired results.