After 1990, India saw the rise of regional political parties. This was also the beginning of the era of coalition government at the Centre.

Introduction:
Federal power-sharing refers to the distribution of power and responsibilities between the central government and state governments in a federal system of governance. The effectiveness of federal power-sharing has evolved over time, and today it is considered more effective than in the past. This can be attributed to several reasons.

Age of Coalition Governments:
One of the main reasons why federal power-sharing is more effective today is because it is the age of coalition governments at the center. In recent years, no single political party has been able to secure a majority in the central government, leading to the formation of coalition governments. In such a scenario, power-sharing becomes crucial as different political parties with varying ideologies and interests come together to form a government. This necessitates a greater degree of cooperation and coordination between the central government and state governments, resulting in more effective power-sharing arrangements.

States' Consciousness of Rights:
Another factor contributing to the effectiveness of federal power-sharing today is that states are more conscious of their rights. Over the years, there has been an increasing recognition of the importance of states' rights and their role in decision-making processes. State governments are more assertive in safeguarding their interests and demanding their rightful share of power and resources. This has led to a more balanced and equitable distribution of power between the center and the states, enhancing the effectiveness of federal power-sharing.

Center's Dependence on States:
Furthermore, the center today depends more on states for effective governance. With the growing complexities of governance and the increasing demands of a diverse and pluralistic society, the central government has realized the significance of working in collaboration with state governments. Many policy areas such as healthcare, education, and infrastructure development require joint efforts and coordination between the center and the states. As a result, the center has become more reliant on states, leading to a more inclusive and cooperative approach to power-sharing.

More Powerful State Leaders:
Lastly, the presence of more powerful leaders at the state level has contributed to the effectiveness of federal power-sharing. Strong and dynamic state leaders who are capable of mobilizing public support and influencing policy decisions play a crucial role in shaping the power-sharing dynamics. These leaders are often able to negotiate effectively with the central government and advocate for the interests of their respective states. Their involvement in the power-sharing process ensures that the concerns and aspirations of the states are adequately represented and addressed.

Conclusion:
In conclusion, federal power-sharing is more effective today than in the past due to the age of coalition governments at the center, states' increased consciousness of their rights, the center's dependence on states, and the presence of more powerful state leaders. These factors have contributed to a more cooperative and inclusive approach to power-sharing, resulting in better governance and more balanced distribution of power in federal systems.

Earlier no single part got clear cut majority in the lok sabha ,the major national parties had to enter into alliance with many parties to form government at centre .