Translation:
Translation is the process of converting a sequence of nucleotides in mRNA into a sequence of amino acids in a protein. It is a vital step in gene expression and occurs in the ribosomes. During translation, the genetic information encoded in the mRNA is used to synthesize a specific protein. This process involves several steps and requires the participation of various molecules and enzymes.

Steps in Translation:
1. Initiation: The mRNA binds to the small subunit of the ribosome, and the initiator tRNA, carrying the amino acid methionine, binds to the start codon (AUG) on the mRNA. The large ribosomal subunit then joins the complex.

2. Elongation: The ribosome moves along the mRNA in a 5' to 3' direction, and a new tRNA molecule, carrying the appropriate amino acid, binds to the codon on the mRNA through complementary base pairing. The amino acid from the previous tRNA is transferred to the new amino acid, forming a peptide bond. This process continues, adding one amino acid at a time, until a stop codon is reached.

3. Termination: When a stop codon (UAA, UAG, or UGA) is encountered, a release factor binds to the ribosome. This causes the newly synthesized protein to be released from the ribosome, completing the process of translation.

Key Points:
- Translation is the process of converting mRNA into a protein.
- It occurs in the ribosomes.
- Initiation, elongation, and termination are the three main steps in translation.
- Initiation involves the binding of mRNA to the ribosome and the start codon recognition.
- Elongation includes the addition of amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.
- Termination occurs when a stop codon is encountered, and the protein is released from the ribosome.
- tRNA molecules play a crucial role in delivering the correct amino acids to the ribosome.
- The genetic code, consisting of codons on the mRNA and corresponding amino acids, determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein.
- Translation is a highly regulated process and is essential for the proper functioning of cells.