Copper, Bronze, Iron, and Gold in Harappan Civilization
The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley civilization, flourished around 2600-1900 BCE in the northwestern regions of South Asia. They were known for their advanced urban planning, sophisticated drainage systems, and well-established trade networks.

Copper Usage
- The Harappans were skilled in metallurgy and used copper extensively in their daily lives.
- Copper was used to make tools, weapons, ornaments, and even coins.
- The discovery of copper artifacts at Harappan sites indicates their knowledge and use of this metal.

Iron Absence
- Unlike copper, the Harappans did not know the use of iron.
- Iron tools and weapons only became prevalent in the Indian subcontinent during the later Vedic period, around 1000 BCE.
- The absence of iron artifacts at Harappan sites suggests that they did not have access to or knowledge of iron metallurgy.

Bronze Usage
- The Harappans were proficient in bronze metallurgy, combining copper with tin to create bronze.
- Bronze was used for making tools, weapons, vessels, and decorative items.
- The presence of bronze artifacts at Harappan sites indicates their familiarity with this alloy.

Gold Usage
- The Harappans were also familiar with the use of gold.
- Gold was used for making jewelry, ornaments, and ritual objects.
- The discovery of gold artifacts, such as beads and figurines, showcases the Harappans' skill in working with this precious metal.
In conclusion, while the Harappans were knowledgeable in the use of copper, bronze, and gold, they did not have access to or utilize iron in their civilization. Iron metallurgy became widespread in the Indian subcontinent at a later period, marking a significant technological advancement.