In situ conservation of biodiversity

In situ conservation refers to the conservation of species and ecosystems in their natural habitats. It involves protecting and managing the areas where species live, ensuring their survival and promoting their natural reproduction. It is an essential approach to maintain the ecological balance and preserve biodiversity. There are several methods of in situ conservation, including:

a) Sacred grove:
Sacred groves are small patches of forests or woodlands that are protected by local communities due to their religious or cultural beliefs. These groves serve as important habitats for a wide variety of plant and animal species. They are considered sacred and are protected from human interference, hunting, and deforestation. Sacred groves help in preserving biodiversity and maintaining ecological balance.

b) Biosphere reserve:
Biosphere reserves are large areas of land or coastal areas that are designated as protected areas for the conservation of biodiversity. They aim to protect representative ecosystems, species, and genetic diversity. Biosphere reserves are managed to promote sustainable development while ensuring the conservation of biodiversity. They often include core areas that are strictly protected, buffer zones for limited human activity, and transition zones for sustainable development.

c) Wildlife sanctuary:
Wildlife sanctuaries are areas of land set aside for the protection and conservation of wildlife. They provide a safe haven for various plant and animal species, including endangered and threatened species. Wildlife sanctuaries are managed to minimize human disturbances and provide suitable habitats for the species living within them.

d) Botanical garden:
Botanical gardens are not a method of in situ conservation of biodiversity. They are designed for ex situ conservation, which involves the conservation of species outside their natural habitats. Botanical gardens are established to display and grow a wide variety of plant species for research, education, and conservation purposes. They often have collections of rare and endangered plant species, but these species are not conserved in their natural habitats.

Therefore, the correct answer is option 'D' - Botanical garden. Botanical gardens are not a method of in situ conservation of biodiversity as they focus on ex situ conservation.