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Both hosts and routers are TCP/IP protocol software. However, routers do not use protocol from all layers. The layer for which protocol software is not needed by a router is
- a)Layer – 5 (Application)
- b)Layer – 1 (Physical)
- c)Layer – 3 (Internet)
- d)Layer – 2 (Network Interface)
Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
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Both hosts and routers are TCP/IP protocol software. However, routers...
The features that stood out during the research, which led to making the TCP/IP reference model were: 
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- Support for a flexible architecture. Adding more machines to a network was easy.
- The network was robust, and connections remained intact until the source and destination machines were functioning.
The overall idea was to allow one application on one computer to talk to(send data packets) another application running on a different computer.
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Both hosts and routers are TCP/IP protocol software. However, routers...
Explanation:
Routers are network devices that operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. They are responsible for forwarding packets between networks based on their IP addresses. In order to perform this function, routers use a variety of protocols from different layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
The TCP/IP protocol suite consists of four layers:
1. Layer 1 (Physical):
- This layer is responsible for transmitting raw bits over physical media.
- Routers do not require any specific protocol software at this layer as it is handled by the hardware components of the router, such as network interface cards (NICs) and Ethernet ports.
2. Layer 2 (Network Interface):
- This layer is responsible for the transmission of data frames between neighboring network nodes.
- Routers use protocols such as Ethernet, Frame Relay, or ATM at this layer to encapsulate packets into frames for transmission.
3. Layer 3 (Internet):
- This layer is responsible for the routing of packets across multiple networks.
- Routers use protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) at this layer to route packets based on their IP addresses.
4. Layer 5 (Application):
- This layer is responsible for providing network services to applications.
- Routers do not require any specific protocol software at this layer as their primary function is to forward packets based on IP addresses, rather than providing application-level services.
Therefore, the layer for which protocol software is not needed by a router is Layer 5 (Application). Routers focus on network-layer functions such as IP routing and do not typically perform application-level functions like host devices do.
Routers are network devices that operate at the network layer (Layer 3) of the OSI model. They are responsible for forwarding packets between networks based on their IP addresses. In order to perform this function, routers use a variety of protocols from different layers of the TCP/IP protocol suite.
The TCP/IP protocol suite consists of four layers:
1. Layer 1 (Physical):
- This layer is responsible for transmitting raw bits over physical media.
- Routers do not require any specific protocol software at this layer as it is handled by the hardware components of the router, such as network interface cards (NICs) and Ethernet ports.
2. Layer 2 (Network Interface):
- This layer is responsible for the transmission of data frames between neighboring network nodes.
- Routers use protocols such as Ethernet, Frame Relay, or ATM at this layer to encapsulate packets into frames for transmission.
3. Layer 3 (Internet):
- This layer is responsible for the routing of packets across multiple networks.
- Routers use protocols such as Internet Protocol (IP), Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP), and Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) at this layer to route packets based on their IP addresses.
4. Layer 5 (Application):
- This layer is responsible for providing network services to applications.
- Routers do not require any specific protocol software at this layer as their primary function is to forward packets based on IP addresses, rather than providing application-level services.
Therefore, the layer for which protocol software is not needed by a router is Layer 5 (Application). Routers focus on network-layer functions such as IP routing and do not typically perform application-level functions like host devices do.
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Both hosts and routers are TCP/IP protocol software. However, routers do not use protocol from all layers. The layer for which protocol software is not needed by a router isa)Layer – 5 (Application)b)Layer – 1 (Physical)c)Layer – 3 (Internet)d)Layer – 2 (Network Interface)Correct answer is option 'A'. Can you explain this answer?
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