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With reference to 'Vulture Action Plan 2020- 25', consider the following statements:
  1. It proposes to set up at least one vulture safe zone in each State of India.
  2. It covers conservation of only the endangered species of Vulture found in India.
  3. It also includes action to regulate the sale of pesticides and herbicides.
Which of the statement given above is/are correct?
  • a)
    1 and 2 only
  • b)
    2 only
  • c)
    2 and 3 only
  • d)
    1 and 3 only
Correct answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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Verified Answer
With reference to Vulture Action Plan 2020- 25, consider the following...
  1. The new VULTURE ACTION PLAN 2020-25 extend the project to 2025 to not just halt the decline but to actively increase the vulture numbers. 
  2. Key Highlights of the plan: 
  3. Establishment of four rescue centres in Pinjore, Bhopal, Guwahati and Hyderabad and at least one Vulture Safe Zone in every State. Hence statement 1 is correct. 
  4. Additional vulture conservation and breeding centre each at UP, Tripura, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. And Enhancement of Conservation Breeding Programme so that Conservation Breeding Centres play a major role in the conservation of all the vulture species for many years to come. Hence statement 2 is not correct. 
  5. Conservation breeding programme for Red Headed vulture and Egyptian vulture. 
  6. Regulate the sale of veterinary non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) that lead to the death of vultures. 
    • The DCGI must institute a system that automatically removes a drug from veterinary use if it is found to be toxic to vultures. Such a system would ensure that drugs other than diclofenac that are toxic to vultures like aceclofenac and ketoprofen are banned for veterinary use. 
  7. Database on emerging threats to vulture conservation. 
  8. Nationwide Vulture Survey once in 4 years. 
  9. The Action Plan includes Timelines for Various Actions 
    • Action Timeline for Advocacy and Implementation at the National level 
    • Timeline Actions for the Conservation Breeding Programme 
    • Action Timeline for Vulture Safe Zone Implementation 
    • Activity Timeline for Research and Monitoring 
    • Action Timeline for Vulture Safe Zone Monitoring 
    • Timeline for Advocacy and Implementation on National Level - Regulate the sale of Agriculture pesticides/insecticides/herbicide in coordination with various agencies/stakeholders like MoEF&CC, Ministry of Chemical and Fertilizer, Ministry of Animal Husbandry, Dairy and Fisheries, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Indian Toxicological Research Institute, BNHS. Hence statement 3 is correct.
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Most Upvoted Answer
With reference to Vulture Action Plan 2020- 25, consider the following...
Explanation:

The correct answer is option D, i.e., statements 1 and 3 only. Let's understand each statement:

Statement 1: It proposes to set up at least one vulture safe zone in each State of India.
This statement is correct. The Vulture Action Plan 2020-25 aims to establish vulture safe zones in each state of India. The safe zones are designated areas where vultures are protected from various threats such as poisoning, habitat loss, and electrocution. These safe zones provide suitable habitats for vultures to breed, roost, and forage, thereby ensuring their conservation and population growth.

Statement 2: It covers conservation of only the endangered species of Vulture found in India.
This statement is incorrect. The Vulture Action Plan 2020-25 covers the conservation of all vulture species found in India, not just the endangered ones. India is home to nine vulture species, out of which three are critically endangered - White-rumped Vulture, Long-billed Vulture, and Slender-billed Vulture. The action plan aims to conserve and restore the populations of all vulture species, including the endangered ones.

Statement 3: It also includes action to regulate the sale of pesticides and herbicides.
This statement is correct. The Vulture Action Plan 2020-25 includes measures to regulate the sale and use of pesticides and herbicides that are harmful to vultures. Vultures are highly susceptible to the toxic effects of certain veterinary drugs, particularly diclofenac, which is used as an anti-inflammatory drug for livestock. When vultures consume carcasses of animals treated with diclofenac, it leads to their death. Therefore, the action plan aims to regulate the sale and use of such drugs to prevent vulture poisoning incidents.

In conclusion, statement 1 and statement 3 are correct, while statement 2 is incorrect.
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Passage IIChemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticid e). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a larger proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population.This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and toxaphene.If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, - if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent.Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as lives saved, economic efficiency of food production and total food produced. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.Q. With reference to the passage, consider the following statements:1. Use of chemical pesticides has become imperative in all the poor countries of the world.2. Chemical pesticides should not have any role in sustainable agriculture3. One pest can develop resistance to many pesticidesWhich of the statements given above is/are correct?

Passage IIChemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticid e). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a larger proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population.This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and toxaphene.If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, - if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent.Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as lives saved, economic efficiency of food production and total food produced. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.Q. Why is the use of chemical pesticides generally justified by giving the examples of poor and developing countries?1. Developed countries can afford to do away with use of pesticides by adapting to organic farming, but it is imperative for poor and developing countries to use chemical pesticides.2. In poor and developing countries, the pesticide addresses the problem of epidemic diseases of crops and eases the food problem.3. The social and health costs of pesticide use are generally ignored in poor and developing countries. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Passage IIChemical pesticides lose their role in sustainable agriculture if the pests evolve resistance. The evolution of the pesticide resistance is simply natural selection in action. It is almost certain to occur when vast numbers of a genetically variable population are killed. One or a few individuals may be unusually resistant (perhaps because they possess an enzyme that can detoxify the pesticid e). If the pesticide is applied repeatedly, each successive generation of the pest will contain a larger proportion of resistant individuals. Pests typically have a high intrinsic rate of reproduction, and so a few individuals in one generation may give rise to hundreds or thousands in the next, and resistance spreads very rapidly in a population.This problem was often ignored in the past, even though the first case of DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) resistance was reported as early as 1946. There is an exponential increase in the numbers of invertebrates that have evolved resistance and in the number pesticides against which resistance has evolved. Resistance has been recorded in every family of arthropod pests (including dipterans such as mosquitoes and house flies, as well as beetles, moths, wasps, fleas, lice and mites) as well as in weeds and plant pathogens. Take the Alabama leaf worm, a moth pest of cotton, as an example. It has developed resistance in one or more regions of the world to aldrin, DDT, dieldrin, endrin, lindane and toxaphene.If chemical pesticides brought nothing but problems, - if their use was intrinsically and acutely unsustainable then they would already have fallen out of widespread use. This has not happened. Instead, their rate of production has increased rapidly. The ratio of cost to benefit for the individual agricultural producer has remained in favour of pesticide use. In the USA, insecticides have been estimated to benefit the agricultural products to the tune of around $5 for every $1 spent.Moreover, in many poorer countries, the prospect of imminent mass starvation, or of an epidemic disease, are so frightening that the social and health costs of using pesticides have to be ignored. In general the use of pesticides is justified by objective measures such as lives saved, economic efficiency of food production and total food produced. In these very fundamental senses, their use may be described as sustainable. In practice, sustainability depends on continually developing new pesticides that keep at least one step ahead of the pests pesticides that are less persistent, biodegradable and more accurately targeted at the pests.Q. How do pesticides act as agents for the selection of resistant individuals in any pest population?1. It is possible that in a pest population the individuals will behave differently due to their genetic makeup.2. Pests do possess the ability to detoxify the pesticides.3. Evolution of pesticide resistance is equally distributed in pest population. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

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With reference to Vulture Action Plan 2020- 25, consider the following statements: It proposes to set up at least one vulture safe zone in each State of India. It covers conservation of only the endangered species of Vulture found in India. It also includes action to regulate the sale of pesticides and herbicides.Which of the statement given above is/are correct?a)1 and 2 onlyb)2 onlyc)2 and 3 onlyd)1 and 3 onlyCorrect answer is option 'D'. Can you explain this answer?
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