Pastoralists sustain by:
Pastoralism is a traditional way of life that involves raising livestock for food, clothing, and other resources. Pastoralists rely on various strategies to sustain themselves and their communities. These strategies include herding, cultivation, and trade.

Herding:
One of the primary ways pastoralists sustain themselves is through herding. They raise and manage livestock such as cattle, sheep, goats, or camels. Pastoralists have a deep understanding of animal behavior, migration patterns, and the availability of grazing land. They move their herds from one location to another in search of fresh pastures and water sources. By herding animals, pastoralists can obtain milk, meat, fur, and other animal products for their own consumption or for trade.

Cultivation:
While pastoralists primarily rely on herding, some also engage in limited cultivation. They may cultivate small plots of land to grow crops such as grains, vegetables, or fruits. This provides them with additional food sources and helps diversify their diets. Cultivation is usually practiced during periods when livestock cannot find sufficient grazing land or during the off-season when herds are less mobile.

Trade:
Pastoralists often engage in trade to sustain themselves. They may trade livestock, animal products, or agricultural produce with neighboring communities or settled societies. Trade allows pastoralists to acquire goods and resources that are not readily available to them, such as grains, textiles, tools, or luxury items. It also enables them to establish social and economic relationships with other groups, contributing to their overall well-being and resilience.

All of these:
The correct answer is option 'D' - All of these. Pastoralists sustain themselves through a combination of herding, cultivation, and trade. These strategies are interrelated and complement each other, allowing pastoralists to adapt to changing environmental conditions, meet their subsistence needs, and participate in wider economic networks. By diversifying their livelihood strategies, pastoralists can mitigate risks and ensure their long-term survival in often challenging and unpredictable environments.

All of the above