**Anatomy of Flowering Plants - NEET Biology Class 11**

**Introduction to Anatomy of Flowering Plants**
Anatomy of flowering plants is an important chapter in NEET Biology Class 11. It deals with the study of the internal structure of a plant, including its tissues, organs, and their functions. In this chapter, students learn about the various tissues that make up a plant, their arrangement, and their functions.

**Tissues in Plants**
1. Meristematic Tissues:
- Apical Meristem: Found at the growing tips of stems and roots, responsible for primary growth.
- Lateral Meristem: Responsible for secondary growth in plants.
- Intercalary Meristem: Found in the internodes of grasses, responsible for elongation.

2. Permanent Tissues:
- Simple Permanent Tissues:
- Parenchyma: Found in all plant parts, responsible for storage and photosynthesis.
- Collenchyma: Provides mechanical support to young plant organs.
- Sclerenchyma: Provides mechanical support to mature plant organs.

- Complex Permanent Tissues:
- Xylem: Conducts water and minerals from roots to other parts of the plant.
- Phloem: Transports food and other organic materials throughout the plant.

**Primary Structure of Roots, Stems, and Leaves**
1. Roots:
- Root Cap: Protects the growing tip of the root.
- Zone of Cell Division: Contains actively dividing cells.
- Zone of Elongation: Cells elongate and push the root tip further.
- Zone of Maturation: Differentiation of root cells into specific tissues.

2. Stems:
- Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells, responsible for protection.
- Cortex: Stores food and water.
- Vascular Bundles: Contains xylem and phloem tissues for transportation.
- Pith: Central region of the stem, stores food.

3. Leaves:
- Epidermis: Outermost layer of cells, covered by a waxy cuticle.
- Mesophyll: Contains palisade and spongy parenchyma cells for photosynthesis.
- Stomata: Tiny openings on the leaf surface for gas exchange.
- Veins: Transport water, minerals, and food within the leaf.

**Secondary Growth and Anatomy of Dicot Stem**
1. Secondary Growth:
- Occurs in woody plants.
- Involves the formation of secondary tissues (cork cambium, vascular cambium) for increased girth.

2. Anatomy of Dicot Stem:
- Cork Cambium: Produces cork cells for protection.
- Vascular Cambium: Produces secondary xylem and phloem.
- Cork Cells: Provide outer protective covering.
- Secondary Xylem: Forms wood, provides mechanical support.
- Secondary Phloem: Transports food from leaves to other parts.

**Conclusion**
Anatomy of flowering plants is a crucial chapter for NEET Biology Class 11 students. Understanding the internal structure of plants helps in comprehending their functions and adaptations. By studying the tissues, roots, stems, leaves, and secondary growth, students gain a comprehensive understanding of the anatomy of flowering plants, which is essential for NEET preparation.