Maximum boiling azeotropes are formed by those solutions which show negative deviations from Raoult's law. H₂O and HNO₃ mixture shows negative deviations

The correct answer is option B, which states that water and nitric acid form a maximum boiling azeotrope.

Azeotropes are mixtures of liquids that have constant boiling points and composition. In a maximum boiling azeotrope, the boiling point of the mixture is higher than the boiling point of any of the individual components.

Here is a detailed explanation of why water and nitric acid form a maximum boiling azeotrope:

1. Water (H2O):
Water is a polar molecule, meaning it has a slightly positive charge on one end and a slightly negative charge on the other. This polarity allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other, leading to its unique properties such as high boiling point, surface tension, and solvent capabilities.

2. Nitric Acid (HNO3):
Nitric acid is a strong acid that is commonly used in laboratory and industrial applications. It is a highly corrosive and reactive liquid that can release toxic fumes when exposed to air. Nitric acid is also polar and can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules.

3. Formation of the Azeotrope:
When water and nitric acid are mixed together, their molecules can interact and form new hydrogen bonds. This interaction changes the vapor pressure and boiling point of the mixture. In the case of water and nitric acid, the maximum boiling azeotrope is formed when the mixture contains approximately 68% nitric acid and 32% water by weight.

4. Boiling Point Elevation:
Due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water and nitric acid molecules, the boiling point of the mixture is higher than the boiling points of the individual components. In this case, the boiling point of the azeotrope is around 120.5 degrees Celsius, whereas the boiling point of pure water is 100 degrees Celsius and the boiling point of pure nitric acid is 83 degrees Celsius.

5. Applications:
The formation of a maximum boiling azeotrope between water and nitric acid has practical applications in various industries. For example, in the production of concentrated nitric acid, the azeotropic mixture can be distilled to obtain a higher purity of nitric acid by removing the water content.

In summary, water and nitric acid form a maximum boiling azeotrope due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between their molecules. This azeotrope has a higher boiling point than the individual components and finds applications in the production of concentrated nitric acid.