Kranz anatomy is a specialized leaf anatomy found in C4 plants. Let's understand what is Kranz anatomy and how it helps C4 plants to photosynthesize efficiently.

Kranz Anatomy:
- The word "Kranz" means "wreath" in German.
- Kranz anatomy is a specialized leaf anatomy found in C4 plants where the vascular bundles are arranged in a circular or wreath-like pattern around the mesophyll cells.
- Kranz anatomy consists of two types of cells - bundle sheath cells and mesophyll cells.
- The bundle sheath cells are tightly packed cells surrounding the vascular bundles while the mesophyll cells are loosely packed cells located between the bundle sheath and the epidermis.
- The bundle sheath cells contain chloroplasts and are responsible for the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) while the mesophyll cells contain chloroplasts and are responsible for the initial carbon fixation (light reactions) via C4 cycle.

How does Kranz Anatomy help C4 plants?
- C4 plants have a higher photosynthetic efficiency as compared to C3 plants due to the presence of Kranz anatomy.
- The Kranz anatomy allows the C4 plants to separate the initial carbon fixation (light reactions) and the Calvin cycle (dark reactions) in different cells, thus reducing photorespiration and increasing carbon fixation efficiency.
- The mesophyll cells fix CO2 into a four-carbon compound, which is then transported to the bundle sheath cells through plasmodesmata.
- The bundle sheath cells contain high levels of Rubisco, which ensures efficient carbon fixation in the Calvin cycle.
- The Kranz anatomy also helps C4 plants to conserve water as the CO2 is efficiently fixed in the bundle sheath cells, reducing the need for stomatal opening and water loss.

In conclusion, Kranz anatomy is a specialized leaf anatomy found in C4 plants that allows them to have a higher photosynthetic efficiency and conserve water. It separates the initial carbon fixation and the Calvin cycle in different cells, reducing photorespiration and increasing carbon fixation efficiency.