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With reference to land reforms in independent India, which one of the following statements is correct?
[2019]
- a)The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings.
- b)The major aim of land reforms was providing agriculture land to all the landless.
- c)It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation.
- d)Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits.
Correct answer is option 'B'. Can you explain this answer?
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With reference to land reforms in independent India, whichone of the f...
Explanation:
Land reforms refer to the policies and measures undertaken by the government to redistribute land ownership from the rich to the poor. The objective of land reforms in India was to reduce poverty and income inequality by providing agricultural land to landless and marginal farmers. The correct statement regarding land reforms in independent India is:
Option B: The major aim of land reforms was providing agriculture land to all the landless.
Other options and their explanations:
a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings: The ceiling laws were enacted to fix a limit on the maximum land holdings that a family could own. The objective was to prevent the concentration of land in the hands of a few families. The ceiling limits were applicable to both individual and family holdings.
c) It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation: Land reforms aimed to promote the cultivation of food crops, especially by small and marginal farmers. The government encouraged the cultivation of high-yielding varieties of food crops like wheat and rice. Cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, and tobacco were not encouraged as they required large land holdings and were less remunerative for small farmers.
d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits: Land reforms allowed for certain exemptions to the ceiling limits. For example, if a family had multiple plots of land, the total land holding could be calculated by aggregating the land holdings of all plots. However, certain types of land like orchards and vineyards were exempted from the ceiling limits.
Therefore, the major aim of land reforms in independent India was to provide agricultural land to landless and marginal farmers.
Land reforms refer to the policies and measures undertaken by the government to redistribute land ownership from the rich to the poor. The objective of land reforms in India was to reduce poverty and income inequality by providing agricultural land to landless and marginal farmers. The correct statement regarding land reforms in independent India is:
Option B: The major aim of land reforms was providing agriculture land to all the landless.
Other options and their explanations:
a) The ceiling laws were aimed at family holdings and not individual holdings: The ceiling laws were enacted to fix a limit on the maximum land holdings that a family could own. The objective was to prevent the concentration of land in the hands of a few families. The ceiling limits were applicable to both individual and family holdings.
c) It resulted in cultivation of cash crops as a predominant form of cultivation: Land reforms aimed to promote the cultivation of food crops, especially by small and marginal farmers. The government encouraged the cultivation of high-yielding varieties of food crops like wheat and rice. Cash crops like sugarcane, cotton, and tobacco were not encouraged as they required large land holdings and were less remunerative for small farmers.
d) Land reforms permitted no exemptions to the ceiling limits: Land reforms allowed for certain exemptions to the ceiling limits. For example, if a family had multiple plots of land, the total land holding could be calculated by aggregating the land holdings of all plots. However, certain types of land like orchards and vineyards were exempted from the ceiling limits.
Therefore, the major aim of land reforms in independent India was to provide agricultural land to landless and marginal farmers.
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With reference to land reforms in independent India, whichone of the f...
Bipan Chandra's India Since Independence, Ch.31 on Land Reforms (III)
• In most states, initially, the ceilings were imposed on individual and not family holdings, enabling landowners to divide up their holdings 'notionally' in the names of relatives merely to avoid the ceiling. So, A is wrong.
• A large number of exemptions to the ceiling limits were permitted by most states following the Second Plan recommendations that certain categories of land could be exempted from ceilings. These were tea, coffee and rubber plantations, orchards, specialized farms etc. So, D is wrong.
• C is a 'hyperbole' wrong statement. Land reform is not responsible for cash crop cultivation becoming predominant in India. Besides, majority of India's area under cultivation is foodgrains and cereals. (and not cash crops) as per Table3, page 101 of Economic Survey 2017-18.
• Thus, B is the most suitable answer.
• In most states, initially, the ceilings were imposed on individual and not family holdings, enabling landowners to divide up their holdings 'notionally' in the names of relatives merely to avoid the ceiling. So, A is wrong.
• A large number of exemptions to the ceiling limits were permitted by most states following the Second Plan recommendations that certain categories of land could be exempted from ceilings. These were tea, coffee and rubber plantations, orchards, specialized farms etc. So, D is wrong.
• C is a 'hyperbole' wrong statement. Land reform is not responsible for cash crop cultivation becoming predominant in India. Besides, majority of India's area under cultivation is foodgrains and cereals. (and not cash crops) as per Table3, page 101 of Economic Survey 2017-18.
• Thus, B is the most suitable answer.
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