Examples of Co-dominance, Dominance, and Incomplete Dominance:

Co-dominance:
Co-dominance occurs when both alleles of a gene are fully expressed in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual. This means that both alleles contribute equally to the phenotype, rather than one allele being dominant over the other.

Example: A classic example of co-dominance is the ABO blood group system in humans. The ABO system involves three alleles: A, B, and O. The A and B alleles are co-dominant, while the O allele is recessive. If an individual inherits an A allele from one parent and a B allele from the other, they will have blood type AB. In this case, both the A and B antigens are expressed on the surface of their red blood cells, showing co-dominance.

Dominance:
Dominance occurs when one allele masks or suppresses the expression of another allele in the phenotype of a heterozygous individual. The dominant allele is expressed, while the recessive allele remains hidden.

Example: An example of dominance is the inheritance of eye color in humans. The gene for eye color has two main alleles: brown (B) and blue (b). The brown allele (B) is dominant over the blue allele (b). If an individual inherits one brown allele and one blue allele (Bb), their eye color will be brown. In this case, the dominant brown allele masks the expression of the recessive blue allele.

Incomplete Dominance:
Incomplete dominance occurs when the phenotype of a heterozygous individual is an intermediate blend of the phenotypes associated with each allele. In other words, neither allele is completely dominant over the other, resulting in a unique phenotype.

Example: An example of incomplete dominance is the inheritance of flower color in snapdragons. The gene for flower color has two alleles: red (R) and white (W). If an individual inherits the red allele from one parent and the white allele from the other (RW), their flower color will be pink. In this case, the red allele does not fully dominate over the white allele, resulting in an intermediate phenotype of pink.

Overall, co-dominance, dominance, and incomplete dominance are different modes of inheritance that illustrate how alleles interact and determine the phenotypic expression in individuals. These examples help demonstrate the diversity and complexity of genetic inheritance patterns.