- Alankar refers to the use of various figures of speech in literature.
- It includes simile, metaphor, personification, hyperbole, alliteration, etc.
- These figures of speech add beauty, depth, and meaning to the text.


- Rasa is the aesthetic experience evoked by a work of art, including literature.
- It refers to the emotions and moods that the reader or audience feels while engaging with the text.
- There are nine rasas in Hindi literature, such as love (shringar), heroism (vira), disgust (bibhatsa), etc.


- Chhand refers to the rhythmic patterns in poetry.
- Hindi literature uses various meters like doha, chaupai, and padya.
- These meters determine the flow and musicality of the verses.


- Upama is a type of alankar that involves comparing two different objects using "like" or "as."
- It helps to create vivid imagery and enhance the reader's understanding.


- Anupras is another type of alankar that involves the repetition of the same sound or letter at the beginning of adjacent words.
- It creates a musical effect and adds a poetic quality to the text.


- Arthantaranyas is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is used to represent something else.
- It helps to convey complex ideas and make the text more engaging.


- Ulatvachan is a literary technique where the intended meaning is different from the literal meaning of the words.
- It is used to create humor, sarcasm, or emphasize a point.


- Viram refers to the use of pauses or breaks in the flow of a sentence or verse.
- It helps in emphasizing certain words or ideas and adds rhythm to the text.


- Anuprash is the use of similar sounding words at the end of lines in poetry.
- It creates a musical quality and adds a sense of completion to the verses.


- Samaas refers to the combination of two or more words to form a new word.
- It helps in creating concise expressions and enriches the vocabulary of the text.

These literary devices and techniques are studied in Hindi for Class 12 humanities to enhance the students' understanding of Hindi literature and develop their analytical and interpretive skills.