Introduction:
The split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was a significant event in the history of the Indian independence movement. It marked the division between the moderates and the extremists within the Congress, leading to a divergence in their approaches and ideologies.

Reasons for the split:
The main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was the lack of faith of the extremists in the moderates' capacity to negotiate with the British government. This lack of faith was due to several factors, which are explained below:

1. Extremists' dissatisfaction: The extremists within the Congress, led by leaders like Bal Gangadhar Tilak and Lala Lajpat Rai, were dissatisfied with the moderate approach of the Congress leadership. They believed that the moderate leaders, such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale, were too willing to cooperate with the British government and were not assertive enough in their demands for self-rule.

2. Radical demands: The extremists advocated for more radical and assertive demands, such as complete independence from British rule and the use of militant methods to achieve their goals. They believed that only by adopting a more confrontational approach could India gain its freedom.

3. Partition of Bengal: The partition of Bengal by Lord Curzon in 1905 had sparked widespread protests and agitation in India. The extremists blamed the moderates for their failure to effectively oppose the partition and saw it as a symbol of the moderates' lack of effectiveness in challenging British policies.

4. Leadership struggle: The leadership struggle within the Congress also contributed to the split. Aurobindo Ghosh, a prominent extremist leader, was unable to secure the presidency of the Congress due to opposition from the moderates. This further intensified the divide between the two factions.

Consequences of the split:
The split in the Indian National Congress had several consequences for the Indian independence movement:

1. Growth of extremism: The split led to the growth and strengthening of the extremist faction within the Congress. The extremists gained more influence and prominence, leading to a shift towards more radical and militant methods of protest.

2. Impact on Congress activities: The split had a disruptive effect on the functioning of the Congress. The two factions held separate sessions and pursued different strategies, weakening the overall unity and effectiveness of the organization.

3. Emergence of the Muslim League: The split indirectly led to the formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906. The Muslim League was founded as a response to the perceived dominance of Hindu interests within the Congress, and it sought to protect the political rights and interests of the Muslim community.

4. Long-term ideological division: The split at Surat marked a long-term ideological division within the Indian independence movement. The divide between the moderates and the extremists persisted for several years, with each faction pursuing its own strategies and approaches towards achieving independence.

In conclusion, the main reason for the split in the Indian National Congress at Surat in 1907 was the lack of faith of the extremists in the moderates' capacity to negotiate with the British government. This lack of faith was a result of the extremists' dissatisfaction with the moderate approach, radical demands, the partition